龐蒂亞克戰爭
以庞蒂亚克为首的北美印第安人反对英国殖民统治的战争。
龐蒂亞克戰爭（英語：Pontiac's War）是英法北美戰爭後，於1763年在英國北美殖民地時期五大湖地區的俄亥俄領地和伊利諾伊領地因不滿英國統治而爆發的一場戰爭。期間，許多部落的戰士加入這場起義，以趕走該地區的英國士兵和定居者。戰爭名字來自渥太華人龐蒂亞克。雖然此次起義未能趕走英國人，但英國人為此不得不對原先政策作出調整。此外，戰後割讓尼亞加拉瀑布城附近土地予英國人[9][10]
| 龐蒂亞克戰爭 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北美印第安戰爭的一部分 | |||||||||
 1763年4月27日大會，龐蒂亞克呼籲聽眾起身對抗英國人。 (19世紀雕刻, Alfred Bobbett) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| 參戰方 | |||||||||
 大英帝國 | |||||||||
| 指揮官與領導者 | |||||||||
|
傑弗里·阿默斯特 Henry Bouquet 湯馬士·蓋奇 |
龐蒂亞克 Guyasuta | ||||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||||
| ~3,000名士兵[3][4] | ~3,500名戰士[4] | ||||||||
| 傷亡與損失 | |||||||||
|
~450 人被殺[5] ~450名公民被殺[6] ~4,000名公民流離失所[7] |
200+ 名戰士被殺[8] 傷亡人數不明 | ||||||||
參考資料
引用
- ^ Government of Canada. 「In Defence of Their Homelands.」 Canada.ca, April 19, 2018. Link.
- ^ 「Pontiac's War.」 Nations at War, 2020. https://nationsatwar.tv/conflicts/pontiacs-war/.
- ^ Dixon 2005，第158頁.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Dowd 2002，第117頁.
- ^ Peckham 1947，第239頁.
- ^ Nester 2000，第279頁.
- ^ Dowd 2002，第275頁.
- ^ Middleton 2007，第202頁.
- ^ Henderson, Donald A. et al. Smallpox as a Biological Weapon. Medical and Public Health Management （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. JAMA 1999, 281(22):2127–2137. doi:10.1001/jama.281.22.2127
- ^ d'Errico, Peter. Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
來源
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- Barras, V; Greub, G. History of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014, 20 (6): 497–502. PMID 24894605. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706
. - Borrows, John. Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History, and Self Government (PDF). Asch, Michael (編). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1997: 169–172. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0.
- Calloway, Colin. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-530071-8.
- Dembek, Zygmunt F. (編). Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9.
- Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2005. ISBN 0-8061-3656-1.
- Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8018-4609-9.
- Dowd, Gregory Evans. War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7079-8.
- Fenn, Elizabeth A. Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst. The Journal of American History. 2000, 86 (4): 1552–1580. JSTOR 2567577. doi:10.2307/2567577.
- Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-521-84566-1.
- Hinderaker, Eric. Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1763–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-66345-8.
- Jacobs, Wilbur R. Pontiac's War – A Conspiracy?. Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier. New York: Scribners. 1972: 83–93. ISBN 978-0806119359.
- Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America'. New York: Norton. 1988. ISBN 0-393-30640-2.
- Mayor, Adrienne. The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend. The Journal of American Folklore. 1995, 108 (427): 54–77 [January 15, 2021]. JSTOR 541734. doi:10.2307/541734.
- McConnell, Michael N. A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8032-8238-9.
- McConnell, Michael N. "Introduction to the Bison Book Edition" of The Conspiracy of Pontiac by Francis Parkman. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1994. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X.
- Middleton, Richard. Pontiac: Local Warrior or Pan Indian Leader?. Michigan Historical Review. 2006, 32 (2): 1–32. doi:10.1353/mhr.2006.0028.
- Middleton, Richard. Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences. New York: Routledge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-97913-9.
- Nester, William R. "Haughty Conquerors": Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 2000. ISBN 0-275-96770-0.
- Parkman, Francis. The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada 1994 reprint of 10th revised. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1870. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X. Parkman's landmark 2-volume work, originally published in 1851, subsequently revised and often reprinted, has largely been supplanted by modern scholarship.
- Peckham, Howard H. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1947. ISBN 0-8143-2469-X.
- Ranlet, Philip. The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 2000, 67 (3): 427–441 [January 13, 2021]. JSTOR 27774278.
- Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-674-00638-0.
- Skaggs, David Curtis; Nelson, Larry L. (編). The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-87013-569-4.
- Steele, Ian K. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-508223-0.
- White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-42460-7.
