顱頂眼

顱頂眼（英文：Parietal eye），也被稱為第三眼（third eye）、松果眼（pineal eye），是一些魚類、兩棲類、爬行類動物上丘腦的一部分。^[1] 顱頂眼位於頭頂，可感光，並與松果體有聯繫，一同負責調節晝夜節律以及體溫調節。^[1]

解剖學

馬島稜尾鬣蜥（英語：Oplurus cyclurus）的顱頂眼（頭頂明顯的圓形黑體白邊結構）

在相關物種中，顱頂眼比雙眼要小得多，且在現今物種中，顱頂眼被皮膚覆蓋，從外界不容易觀察到。^[7] 與脊椎動物正常視力利用視杆細胞和視錐細胞進行感光不同，顱頂眼使用了不同的生化方法進行感光。^[8]

在相關物種中，顱頂眼（松果眼）屬於上丘腦的一部分，上丘腦還包括松果體。

參見

第三眼

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Parietal Eye - an overview. Science Direct. [2021-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）（英語）.
^ Dodt, Eberhard. The Parietal Eye (Pineal and Parietal Organs) of Lower Vertebrates. Visual Centers in the Brain. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. 7 / 3 / 3 B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1973: 113–140. ISBN 9783642654978. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_4 （英語）.
^ Uetz, Peter. Sphenodontidae. The EMBL reptile database. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, heidelberg. 2003-10-07 [2007-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-21）.
^ Gundy, GC; Wurst, GZ. The occurrence of parietal eyes in recent Lacertilia (Reptilia). Journal of Herpetology. 1976, 10 (2): 113–121. JSTOR 1562791. doi:10.2307/1562791.
^ The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. www.app.pan.pl. [2021-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-02）（英語）.
^ Emerling, Christopher A. Archelosaurian Color Vision, Parietal Eye Loss, and the Crocodylian Nocturnal Bottleneck. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2017-03-01, 34 (3): 666–676. ISSN 0737-4038. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw265.
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1977: 471–473. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
^ Xiong, Wei-Hong; Solessio, Eduardo C.; Yau, King-Wai. An unusual cGMP pathway underlying depolarizing light response of the vertebrate parietal-eye photoreceptor. Nature Neuroscience. 1998, 1 (5): 359–65 [2007-02-22]. PMID 10196524. doi:10.1038/1570. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-29）.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Parietal Eye - an overview. Science Direct. [2021-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）（英語）.

[2] Dodt, Eberhard. The Parietal Eye (Pineal and Parietal Organs) of Lower Vertebrates. Visual Centers in the Brain. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. 7 / 3 / 3 B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1973: 113–140. ISBN 9783642654978. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_4 （英語）.

[3] Uetz, Peter. Sphenodontidae. The EMBL reptile database. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, heidelberg. 2003-10-07 [2007-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-21）.

[4] Gundy, GC; Wurst, GZ. The occurrence of parietal eyes in recent Lacertilia (Reptilia). Journal of Herpetology. 1976, 10 (2): 113–121. JSTOR 1562791. doi:10.2307/1562791.

[5] The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. www.app.pan.pl. [2021-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-02）（英語）.

[6] Emerling, Christopher A. Archelosaurian Color Vision, Parietal Eye Loss, and the Crocodylian Nocturnal Bottleneck. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2017-03-01, 34 (3): 666–676. ISSN 0737-4038. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw265.

[VB2-7] Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1977: 471–473. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.

[8] Xiong, Wei-Hong; Solessio, Eduardo C.; Yau, King-Wai. An unusual cGMP pathway underlying depolarizing light response of the vertebrate parietal-eye photoreceptor. Nature Neuroscience. 1998, 1 (5): 359–65 [2007-02-22]. PMID 10196524. doi:10.1038/1570. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-29）.

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