酒石酸銻鉀
酒石酸銻鉀(英語:Antimony potassium tartrate),又稱酒石酸氧銻鉀(英語:Potassium antimonyl tartrate),俗稱吐酒石(英語:Tartar emetic或Emetic tartar),化學式為K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2,為酒石酸的銻鉀復鹽。酒石酸銻鉀自古以來一直被用作一種強效的催吐劑;除此之外,它還曾被用於治療血吸蟲病和利什曼病。
酒石酸銻鉀三水合物 | |
---|---|
別名 | 酒石酸氧銻鉀 吐酒石 |
識別 | |
CAS號 | 28300-74-5 |
PubChem | 16682736 |
ChemSpider | 17214979 |
SMILES |
|
InChI |
|
InChIKey | WBTCZEPSIIFINA-UHFFFAOYSA-J |
EINECS | 234-293-3 |
ChEBI | 2761 |
KEGG | C11340 |
性質 | |
化學式 | K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2 · 3 H2O |
摩爾質量 | 667.87 g·mol⁻¹ |
外觀 | 白色晶體 |
密度 | 2.6 g/cm3 |
溶解性(水) | 8.3 g/100 mL(0 °C) 35.9 g/100 mL(100 °C) |
危險性 | |
警示術語 | R:R20/22 R51/53 |
安全術語 | S:S2 S61 |
歐盟分類 | Xn N |
致死量或濃度: | |
LD50(中位劑量)
|
110 mg/kg |
若非註明,所有數據均出自標準狀態(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
催吐作用
在中世紀時,人們已經知道酒石酸銻鉀具有催吐作用。由於它的毒性較大,人們在那時一般不直接服用——而是將酒在銻杯中存放24小時,並多次少量地飲用,直至達到需要的催吐效果為止。[1][2][3]
藥用
酒石酸銻鉀最早的藥用是在1906年用於治療錐蟲病的試驗,並隨即開展了用這種化合物治療其他熱帶病的研究。[7]
在1913年,酒石酸銻鉀開始用於治療利什曼病。隨着毒性更小的五價銻藥物(如葡萄糖酸銻鈉和葡甲胺銻酸鹽)的發現,酒石酸銻鉀被逐漸淘汰。[7][8]
英國醫生John B. Christopherson於1918年發現了酒石酸銻鉀能夠治癒血吸蟲病,在這之後它開始被廣泛使用。[9][10][11] 但是,人們發現注射酒石酸銻鉀能夠引起十分嚴重甚至致命的副作用(如阿-斯綜合徵),[12]因此研究者開始尋找更好的替代藥物。20世紀70年代吡喹酮的發現使得酒石酸銻鉀等銻劑逐漸被停止使用。[13][14]
毒性
與所有銻化合物一樣,酒石酸銻鉀具有毒性。[15] 中毒的主要原因曾是藥物過量;目前則多由誤服引起:如曾有報道四人在食用由含酒石酸銻鉀(誤作酒石酸氫鉀而摻入)的泡打粉製作的蛋糕後發生了嚴重中毒,其中一位93歲的中毒者死於多器官衰竭;[16] 以及在中美洲有一位酗酒者在其妻子給其服用未知成分(後來得知為不純的酒石酸銻鉀)的「戒酒藥」之後發生持續的嘔吐,之後在重症監護病房中檢測出嚴重的心臟、肝臟、腎臟功能異常並幾乎因此而死亡。[17]
製取
參考資料
- ^ McCallum, RI. President's address. Observations upon antimony. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1977, 70 (11): 756–63. PMC 1543508 . PMID 341167.
- ^ Thomson, SC. Antimonyall Cupps: Pocula Emetica or Calices Vomitorii. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1926, 19 (Sect Hist Med): 122.2–128. PMC 1948687 . PMID 19985185.
- ^ Weiss, S.; Hatcher, RA. The Mechanism of the Vomiting Induced by Antimony and Potassium Tartrate (Tartar Emetic). Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1922, 37 (1): 97–111. PMC 2128404 . PMID 19868716. doi:10.1084/jem.37.1.97.
- ^ Poulin, B.; Lefebvre, G. t.; McNeil, R. Effect and Efficiency of Tartar Emetic in Determining the Diet of Tropical Land Birds. The Condor. 1994, 96 (1): 98–104. JSTOR 1369067. doi:10.2307/1369067.
- ^ Carlisle, J. D.; Holberton, R. L. Relative Efficiency of Fecal versus Regurgitated Samples for Assessing Diet and the Deleterious Effects of a Tartar Emetic on Migratory Birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 2006, 77 (2): 126–135. JSTOR 27639314. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00032.x.
- ^ Diamond, Antony W.; Fayad, V. C.; McKinley, Peter S. Commentary: Ipecac: An Improved Emetic for Wild Birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 2007, 78 (4): 436–439. JSTOR 27715221. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2007.00136.x.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Low, George C. The history of the use of intravenous injections of tartar emetic (Antimonium tartaratum) in tropical medicine. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1916, 10 (2): 37. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90068-3.
- ^ Navarro, Maribel; Gabbiani, Chiara; Messori, Luigi; Gambino, Dinorah. Metal-based drugs for malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Recent achievements and perspectives. Drug Discovery Today. 2010, 15 (23–24): 1070–8. PMID 20974285. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.005.
- ^ Christopherson, J.B. The Successful Use of Antimony in Bilharziosis. The Lancet. 1918, 192 (4958): 325. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)02807-0.
- ^ Crichton-Harris, Ann. Poison in small measure: Dr. Christopherson and the cure for bilharzia. 2009-07-15 [2012-08-13]. ISBN 978-90-04-17541-9. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-14).
- ^ Sabah, A.A.; Fletcher, Cathy; Webbe, G.; Doenhoff, M.J. Schistosoma mansoni: Chemotherapy of infections of different ages. Experimental Parasitology. 1986, 61 (3): 294–303. PMID 3086114. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(86)90184-0.
- ^ T'AO, SC. Cardiac manifestations of the toxic action of potassium antimony tartrate in schistosomiasis patients: paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation.. Chinese medical journal (Peking, China : 1932). 1957-05, 75 (5): 365–78. PMID 13447130.
- ^ Hagan, Paul. Schistosomiasis – a rich vein of research. Parasitology. 2009, 136 (12): 1611–9. PMID 19691867. doi:10.1017/S003118200999093X.
- ^ Publishers, Bentham Science. The Antimonials. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 1996-10: 304–305 [2012-08-13]. (原始內容存檔於2014-04-07).
- ^ Winship, K. A. Toxicity of antimony and its compounds. Adverse drug reactions and acute poisoning reviews. 1987, 6 (2): 67–90. PMID 3307336.
- ^ Lauwers, LF; Roelants, A; Rosseel, PM; Heyndrickx, B; Baute, L. Oral antimony intoxications in man.. Critical care medicine. 1990-03, 18 (3): 324–6. PMID 2302961. doi:10.1097/00003246-199003000-00017.
- ^ Cabot, Richard C.; Harris, Nancy Lee; Shepard, Jo-Anne O.; Rosenberg, Eric S.; Cort, Alice M.; Ebeling, Sally H.; Peters, Christine C.; MacÍas Konstantopoulos, Wendy; Burns Ewald, Michele. Case 22-2012. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012, 367 (3): 259. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1111580.
- ^ Knapp, Fr. Zur Bildungsgeschichte des Brechweinsteins. Annalen der Pharmacie. 1839, 32: 76. doi:10.1002/jlac.18390320107.
拓展閱讀
- Priesner, Claus. Basilius Valentinus und die Labortechnik um 1600. Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte. 1997, 20 (2–3): 159. doi:10.1002/bewi.19970200205.
- Geoffroy, M.; Stack, T. Observations on the Effects of the Vitrum Antimonii Ceratum, by Mons. Geoffroy, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and F. R. S. Translated from the French by Tho. Stack, M. D. F. R. S. Philosophical Transactions. 1751, 47: 273–278. JSTOR 105054. doi:10.1098/rstl.1751.0042.
- Berzelius, Jöns Jacob. Lehrbuch der Chemie. 1824 [2012-08-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-14).
- Copus, Martinus. Das Spißglas in ein Glas gegossen, das man Vitrum Antimonii nennt, ein wahrhafftige Gift vnd gantzgeferliche Artzney sey. 1569.
- The Technologist. 1861 [2012-08-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-14).
- Captain Cook's Antimony Cup (PDF). Vesalius, VII, 2. 2001: 62–64.
- Schneider, R. Ueber einige Antimon-Verbindungen. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1859, 184 (11): 407. Bibcode:1859AnP...184..407S. doi:10.1002/andp.18591841104.
- Groschuff, E. Reines Antimon. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 1918, 103: 164. doi:10.1002/zaac.19181030109.
- Soubeiran, E.; Capitaine, H. Zur Geschichte der Weinsteinsäure. Journal für Praktische Chemie. 1840, 19: 435. doi:10.1002/prac.18400190171.
- Pfaff, C. H. Ueber Antimon-Wasserstoffgas und die davon abhängige Unsicherheit des von James Marsh entdeckten Verfahrens zur Entdeckung des Arseniks. Archiv der Pharmazie. 1838, 64 (2): 169. doi:10.1002/ardp.18380640215.
- Zimmermann, E. Das Antimon in der Chemotherapie. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1930, 9: 27. doi:10.1007/BF01740712.
- Gress, Mary E.; Jacobson, Robert A. X-ray and white radiation neutron diffraction studies of optically active potassium antimony tartrate, K2Sb2(d-C4H2O6)2·3H2O (tarter emetic). Inorganica Chimica Acta. 1974, 8: 209. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)92617-3.