貢語
貢語，或稱'Ugong，Ugong，拉瓦（Lawa）或Ugawng（其中的U的意思是人[4]），是泰國西部一種瀕臨滅絕的藏緬語，在烏泰他尼府和素攀武里府幾個孤立的方言島還有人會說。
| 貢語 | |
|---|---|
| Ugong | |
| 區域 | 泰國西部 |
| 族群 | 500 （2000？）[1] |
母語使用人數 | 80 （2000, David Bradley）[2] |
| 語系 | |
| 文字 | 泰文 |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-3 | ugo |
| Glottolog | ugon1239[3] |
| ELP | Ugong |
歷史
1920年代，西方人第一次了解到貢人，那時這種語言就被認為處於嚴重衰退的狀態（Kerr 1927）。1970年代， David Bradley 開始研究這門語言，當時僅僅只有幾個地方還有人會說這種語言了，甚至比大約50年前發現的時候還要少2個。由於泰國電力公司要在Khwae Yai河和Khwae Noi河上上建設大壩，貢人被迫從兩個村莊離開，。本來會說種語言的人就在不斷減少，語言學家們認為這種語言已經脆弱到即將滅絕了。1970年代，還有會說這種語言的兒童，但現在孩子們已經把泰語作為第一語言。
分類
貢語在藏緬語內部的分類還沒有確定，雖然布拉德利（1989）認為它在緬彝語群中非常獨特，既不適合放在緬語支，也不適合放在彝語支。
方言
貢語有兩種方言（根據Ethnologue的說法）。
- Khok Khwai village, Uthai Thani Province (moribund); documented by Rujjanavet (1986)
- Kok Chiang village, Suphan Buri Province (endangered and now dispersed); documented by Thawornpat (2006) and David Bradley
曾經在北碧府也有人會說貢語，但現在已經滅絕了。兩種貢語方言（namely Lawa of Kwê Yai and Lawa of Kwê Noi）的詞彙表是由A. F. G Kerr（1927）在北碧府收集的。
分布
貢人現在居住在下面三個村莊。
- Lawa Wang Khwai village, Wang Yao Subdistrict (วังยาว), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province （3戶）。
- Kok Chiang village, Huai Khamin Subdistrict (ห้วยขมิ้น), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province （36戶）。
- Khok Khwai village (คอกควาย), Thong Lang Subdistrict (ทองหลาง), Huai Khot District, Uthai Thani Province （15戶）。reported as Baan Lawa village 3 in Wright, et al. (1991).[5]
有大約500個貢人和50個還會說貢語。在他們生活的區域也有很多Lao Krang人。
以前生活的地方
貢人以前分布的更加廣闊，在Khwae Noi River, Khwae Yai River和Bo Phloi River流域都能找到[5] It was reportedly spoken in locations including:[5]。 據報告包括以下這些地方：
- Kanchanaburi Province
- Lat Ya (northwest of Kanchanaburi town)
- Thong Pha Phum District (located along the Khwae Noi River)
- Ban Lawa (located several kilometres downriver along the Khwae Noi River, from the former location of Sangkhlaburi near the Three Pagodas Pass)
- Sao Hong, 10 kilometres south of Bo Phloi
- Phanom Thuan District
- Bo Phloi, Nong Pling, Lam Iso, Nong Li (หนองรี), and Nong Plue
- Khlot Khoi[6]
- Suphanburi Province
- Tumakok, Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province (now an ethnic Karen township; originally settled by Gong people from Talao/Hin Hak during the 1800's)
- Sanakphai, Suphanburi Province
- Wang Khwai (known in Ugong as Kabe and in Lao as Kapheun), Suphanburi Province
- Uthai Thani Province
- Ban Bung (บ้านบึง), Ban Rai District (near district headquarters)
- Thong Lang, Huai Khot District
- Iphung, Cawat, and Huai Haeng (exact locations uncertain)
在北碧府，很多貢人和克倫人和孟人通婚[5]。由於大壩的建設，Sisawat and Sangkhlaburi已經被水淹沒，會說這種語言的人也四散到其他地方。到1991年，北碧府已經二三十年沒有會說貢語的人了，大部分的貢人改說泰語或克倫語[6]。
語法
貢語是SOV語序。
參見
- 貢語詞彙表 （維基詞典）
注釋和參考資料
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G.; Barbara F. Grimes (編). Ethnologue: Languages of the World 15th. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2005.
- ^ 貢語於《民族語》的鏈接（第18版，2015年）
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Ugong. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Mayuree, Thawornpat. 2006. Gong: An endangered language of Thailand. Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bradley, David (1989). Dying to be Thai: Ugong in western Thailand. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics 2:19-28.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Wright, Sue; Audra Phillips; Brian Migliazza; Paulette Hopple; and Tom Tehan. 1991. SIL Working Summary of Loloish Languages in Thailand. m.s.
- Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine. Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Page 10.
- Thawornpat, Mayuree. 2006. Gong: An endangered language of Thailand. Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University.
- Thawornpat, Mayuree. 2007. Gong phonological characteristics. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 37. 197-216.
延伸閱讀
- Bradley, David. 1993. Body Parts Questionnaire (Ugong) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
- Bradley, David. The disappearance of the Ugong in Thailand. Investigating Obsolescence. 1989: 33–40. ISBN 9780521324052. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511620997.006.
- Bradley, David (1989). Dying to be Thai: Ugong in western Thailand. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics 2:19-28
- Kerr, A. F. G. 1927. "Two 'Lawā' vocabularies: the Lawā of the Baw Lūang plateau; Lawā of Kanburi Province." Journal of the Siam Society 21: 53-63.
- Rujjanavet, Pusit. (1986). The Phonology of Ugong in Uthaithani Province. M.A. Thesis in Linguistics, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University.
- Thawornpat, Mayuree. "Gong phonological characteristics", in Mon-Khmer studies: a journal of Southeast Asian languages and cultures, Thailand: Mon-Khmer Studies, 2007.
外部連結
- Proto-Gong reconstruction （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)