蘇聯對基督徒的迫害

在整個蘇聯歷史中,東正教基督教各宗派及其團體都受到壓制和迫害,只是隨着時期不同而程度有別。這種迫害有着馬克思列寧主義無神論的治國方針的內因,在這種理論的驅使下,蘇聯政府一直主張對宗教採取控制、打壓甚至消滅的手段。[1]

約瑟夫·斯大林要求下被拆除的基督救世主主教座堂,攝於1931年12月5日

共產黨員出於消滅宗教的偏執[2][3],蘇聯政府對教堂清真寺猶太教堂進行大量平毀。政府還通過各種手段嘲笑、騷擾和處決宗教領袖,在學校和媒體大量宣傳無神論的聲音,說無神論是社會唯一應當信奉的真理[4][5]

James M. Nelson估計蘇聯的國家無神論政策下被消滅的基督徒大約在一千二百到二千萬之間[6][7][8]。 但是,在相當多的人群當中仍在持續着宗教行為[4],它們不僅存在於私人空間也存在於政府允許的有限公共空間裡,這些公共空間是政府在意識到不可能根除宗教,強行蠻幹只會惹來無窮的文化戰爭後給予的。[2][9]

參考文獻

引用

  1. ^ 存档副本. [2014-02-12]. (原始內容存檔於2004-08-16). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Daniel, Wallace L. "Father Aleksandr men and the struggle to recover Russia's heritage." Demokratizatsiya 17.1 (2009)
  3. ^ Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50
  5. ^ Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Russia's postcommunist past: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the reimagining of national identity." History and Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 21.1 (2009)
  6. ^ Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.」, James M. Nelson, 「Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality」頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Springer, 2009, ISBN 0-387-87572-7, p. 427
  7. ^ In all, it is estimated that some 15 to 20 million Christians were martyred under the Soviet regime」, David Barrett, 「World Christian Trends」, Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2001, cited by David Taylor, 」21 Signs of His Coming: Major Biblical Prophecies Being Fulfilled In Our Generation」頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Taylor Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 0-9762933-4-X, p. 220
  8. ^ over 20 million were martyred in Soviet prison camps」, Todd M. Johnson, 「Christian Martyrdom: A global demographic assessment「頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), p. 4
  9. ^ John Shelton Curtis, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little Brown, 1953); Jane Ellis, The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Dimitry V. Pospielovsky, The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime 1917-1982 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1984); idem., A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies (New York; St. Martin’s Press, 1987); Glennys Young, Power and the Sacred in Revolutionary Russia: Religious Activists in the Village (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); William B. Husband, 「Godless Communists」: Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000; Edward Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905-1946 (Bloomington, Indiana, 2002)

來源

外部連結