良心犯
任何因其人口、信仰或其非暴力表达而被监禁的人
良心犯(英語:Prisoner of conscience, POC),是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日為《倫敦觀察家報》撰寫的文章(「被遺忘的囚犯」)中創造的一個術語。該詞常與人權組織國際特赦組織有關。與政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治見解、性取向、族群、宗教而入獄的任何人,也可以指因非暴力表達其信念而被監禁或迫害的人。
良心犯受到《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條及《歐洲人權公約》第9條關於思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護[1]。
陳衛、[2]當知項欠、[3]艾爾西丁·伊斯萊爾(Ershidin Israil)、[4]高智晟、[5]郭飛雄、[6]郭小軍、[7]劉曉波、[8]毛恆鳳、[9]師濤[10]等人被國際特赦組織認為是良心犯。美國國會343號決議指引自由之家報導,稱中國監獄中一大部分群體是因政治入獄。[11]
國際條約保護
- 思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護
- 《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條:
- 人人有權享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此項權利包括維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由,以及單獨或集體、公開或秘密地以禮拜、戒律、實踐和教義來表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 任何人不得遭受足以損害他維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由,僅只受法律所規定的以及為保障公共安全、秩序、衛生或道德、或他人的基本權利和自由所必須的限制。
- 《歐洲人權公約》第9條:
- 規定了思想自由、信仰及宗教自由的權利。其中包含了改變宗教或信仰的自由,以及信奉、傳授、實踐以及奉行不同宗教或信仰的自由。但這些都必須受到「符合法律規定」以及「為民主社會所需」的限制。
國際特赦組織良心犯名單
按國家/地區分類的不完整名單:
柬埔寨
香港
厄立特里亞
- Aster Fissehatsion[14]
- Dawit Isaak[15]
- Mahmoud Ahmed Sheriffo[14]
- Petros Solomon[14]
- Haile Woldetensae[14]
衣索比亞
岡比亞
中國
伊朗
- Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i[18]
- Zhila Bani-Yaghoub[19]
- Arzhang Davoodi[20]
- Ghoncheh Ghavami[21]
- Kouhyar Goudarzi[22]
- Zeynab Jalaliyan[23]
- Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand[24]
- Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi[25]
- Habibollah Latifi[26]
- Hossein Ronaghi Maleki[27]
- Narges Mohammadi[28]
- Parvin Mokhtareh[22]
- Abdollah Momeni[29]
- Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi[30]
- Mansour Osanlou[31]
- Jafar Panahi(已在2013年8月被魯哈尼釋放)[32][33]
- Isa Saharkhiz[19]
- Mohammad Seifzadeh[34]
- Reza Shahabi[35]
- Saeed Shirzad[36]
- Abdolfattah Soltani[34]
- Heshmat Tabarzadi[37]
- Majid Tavakoli[38]
- Mohammad Ali Taheri
緬甸
朝鮮
巴基斯坦
敘利亞
烏茲別克
馬來西亞
參看
參考文獻
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