良心犯

任何因其人口、信仰或其非暴力表达而被监禁的人

良心犯(英語:Prisoner of conscience, POC),是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日為《倫敦觀察家報》撰寫的文章(「被遺忘的囚犯」)中創造的一個術語。該詞常與人權組織國際特赦組織有關。與政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治見解、性取向、族群、宗教而入獄的任何人,也可以指因非暴力表達其信念而被監禁或迫害的人。

良心犯受到《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條及《歐洲人權公約》第9條關於思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護[1]

陳衛[2]當知項欠[3]艾爾西丁·伊斯萊爾(Ershidin Israil)、[4]高智晟[5]郭飛雄[6]郭小軍、[7]劉曉波[8]毛恆鳳[9]師濤[10]等人被國際特赦組織認為是良心犯。美國國會343號決議指引自由之家報導,稱中國監獄中一大部分群體是因政治入獄。[11]

國際條約保護

思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護
  • 公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條:
    • 人人有權享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此項權利包括維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由,以及單獨或集體、公開或秘密地以禮拜、戒律、實踐和教義來表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
    • 任何人不得遭受足以損害他維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由。
    • 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由,僅只受法律所規定的以及為保障公共安全、秩序、衛生或道德、或他人的基本權利和自由所必須的限制。
  • 歐洲人權公約》第9條:
    • 規定了思想自由、信仰及宗教自由的權利。其中包含了改變宗教或信仰的自由,以及信奉、傳授、實踐以及奉行不同宗教或信仰的自由。但這些都必須受到「符合法律規定」以及「為民主社會所需」的限制。

國際特赦組織良心犯名單

按國家/地區分類的不完整名單:

柬埔寨

香港

厄立特里亞

衣索比亞

岡比亞

中國

伊朗

緬甸

朝鮮

巴基斯坦

敘利亞

烏茲別克

馬來西亞

參看

參考文獻

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外部連結