美洲原住民語言

美洲原住民語言並不是一種語言,甚至也不是屬於一種語系,而是美洲所有原住民的各種語言的總稱。其中瑪雅語曾經有自己的文字系統。隨着15世紀末開始西方殖民主義者的到來,美洲原住民數量在幾百年的時間裡銳減,再加上文化的同化,大部分美洲原住民語言都已經滅絕,目前即使會說美洲土著語言的大部分人也是操雙語的人群。因為缺少研究材料,對美洲土著語言的研究很不足,目前對許多美洲土著語言的分類說法不一,尚不能把語系確定下來,只能暫時分為語組,大致有如下個語組,有幾百種以上的語言,有許多語言現在能流利的說的人不足幾十甚至幾個人,大部分已經滅絕。

南美的大語系:黑點表示孤立語言,灰點表示語系劃分有爭議的語言

根據UNESCO的說法,美洲的大多數土著語言都處於嚴重瀕危狀態,許多語言已經成為休眠語言(沒有母語使用者,但有一群遺產語言的使用者)或完全滅絕。大多數廣泛使用的土著語言是南部克丘亞語(主要在南秘魯和玻利維亞使用)和瓜拉尼語(以巴拉圭為中心,與西班牙語共同享有國家語言地位),大約有六七百萬使用者(在瓜拉尼語的情況下,包括許多歐洲血統的人)。只有6種其他語言的使用者超過一百萬;這些語言包括玻利維亞的艾馬拉語和墨西哥的納瓦特爾語,各有將近兩百萬使用者;危地馬拉和墨西哥的瑪雅語言克克其語基切語尤卡坦瑪雅語,大約各有一百萬使用者;可能還有一兩種在秘魯和厄瓜多爾的克丘亞語。在美國,根據2010年人口普查,有372,000人報告在家中使用一種土著語言。[1]在加拿大,根據2011年人口普查,有133,000人報告在家中使用一種土著語言。[2]在格陵蘭,約90%的人口講格陵蘭語,這是最廣泛使用的愛斯基摩語

語系種類

北美洲

中美洲

南美洲

參考文獻

引用

來源

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外部連結