穆罕默德·伊本·阿卜杜勒·瓦哈卜
穆罕默德·伊本·阿卜杜勒·瓦哈卜[2][3](阿拉伯語:محمد بن عبد الوهاب,Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb,1703年—1792年6月22日),又譯瓦哈比,是中阿拉伯半島內志的宗教領袖、神學家,是如今被稱作瓦哈比派的伊斯蘭宗教創始人、現代伊斯蘭原教旨主義、伊斯蘭恐怖主義之父。[4][5][6][7][8][9]瓦哈卜出身教法學世家,他早年接受過罕百里教法學派的正統教育,而罕百里則是他出身地區最流行的教法學派。[1]儘管瓦哈卜接受了傳統的遜尼派教育,但他之後卻漸漸開始反對當時許多主流的遜尼派宗教儀軌,如朝拜聖人陵墓(中國回族稱「拱北」)。瓦哈卜認為這類行為無異於發明異端教條甚至是偶像崇拜。雖然他的學說在當時被許多遜尼派學者反對(包括他自己的父親與兄弟)[1],瓦哈卜與穆罕默德·本·沙烏地共同起草了一份政教協議以幫助沙特建立德拉伊耶酋長國,第一沙特王國[10],從此開啟了其家族與沙特王室共享權力之路,延續至今。[11]謝赫家族[12]是沙烏地阿拉伯王國內具有領導地位的宗教家族,他們是瓦哈卜的後裔,且歷史上一直領導着烏理瑪並主導着各個神職機構。[13][14]
穆罕默德·伊本·阿卜杜勒·瓦哈卜 | |
---|---|
個人資料 | |
出生 | 1703年 |
逝世 | 1792年6月22日(時年88/89歲) |
宗派 | 瓦哈比派 |
法理 | 罕百里[1] |
運動 | 瓦哈比派 |
專業領域 | 伊斯蘭教神學 |
著名思想 | 對伊斯蘭教創新和認主學方面的觀點 |
高級職位 | |
早年
根據普遍被接受的說法,瓦哈卜生於1703年[1][15],回曆1114年。[16]其出身的部族為內志地區[15][17]烏雅伊納的巴努塔敏部[18][19],根據部族的譜系,他們是易司馬儀裔孫阿德南的後人。[20]在瓦哈卜崛起前,他的家鄉很少有伊斯蘭教育的痕跡。[19][21]因此,瓦哈卜青年時期並未受到完備的伊斯蘭教育。[19]然而[19][22][23][24],該地區湧現了幾位顯赫的罕百里教法學家。[1]他的祖父蘇萊曼·伊本·阿里是內志地區的大學者,父親阿卜杜勒·瓦哈卜·伊本·蘇萊曼是一名罕百里教法法官。[9]
瓦哈卜早年的課業包括背誦古蘭經以及根據伊本·庫達瑪(?-1223年)所列出的大綱學習基礎的罕百里學派教法、神學。庫達瑪是中世紀罕百里學派的代表性人物,由於朝拜拱北並相信聖人能以神的恩典施展奇蹟這樣一種信條已經深入人心並受到教法學家承認,他的著作在內志地區具有很高威望。[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]瓦哈卜先是師從自己的父親。[16]但不久,瓦哈卜便開始質疑朝聖行為,他離開內志可能也是為了去其他地區了解朝聖是否也如此流行。
在離開烏雅伊納後,他去往麥加朝覲。麥加的學者有着與瓦哈卜不相容的見解和教導,瓦哈卜覺得無法接受。隨後,他又去了麥地那,並在那裡形成了其後期思想的藍圖。在麥地那,瓦哈卜遇到了一名來自內志的罕百里教法學家阿卜杜拉·伊本·易卜拉欣·內志迪(ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibrāhīm al-Najdī)。此人是新罕百里學派伊本·泰米葉學說的追隨者。泰米葉的學說是富有爭議的,在數個歷史重要時期,他的學說都被遜尼派學者視作異端、歧見。[32][33][34][35]瓦哈卜的導師阿卜杜拉·伊本·易卜拉欣·伊本·賽義夫(ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Sayf)將相對年輕的瓦哈卜介紹給了蘇菲派納克什班迪教團的穆罕默德·哈亞特·伊本·易卜拉欣·辛迪[36][37],並推薦他做辛迪的學生。[38][39][40]瓦哈卜與辛迪過從甚密,瓦哈卜在後者那裡停留了一段時間。[38]辛迪建議瓦哈卜不要遵從有關伊斯蘭教聖人和聖人拱北的習俗,這些教導與瓦哈卜後來的思想類似。[38]
在麥地那由於爭議,瓦哈卜遭到驅逐。於是,他走出了阿拉伯半島,並來到了巴士拉。[22][41]瓦哈卜在巴士拉再次與當地人進行了激烈的辯論,他認為當地人進行偶像崇拜,違反一神教義。當地的權貴感到憤怒並將他驅逐出境,瓦哈卜離開巴士拉時徒步行走,幾乎喪命。[9]不過據其孫子稱,瓦哈卜在巴士拉獲得了書寫其著作《神聖合一之書》的靈感。[9]
離開巴士拉,瓦哈卜來到了大馬士革。但最終還是因為堅持己見而被迫離開當地。走投無路的瓦哈卜只好回到家鄉投靠父親。而他的父親以及兄弟蘇萊曼·伊本·阿卜杜勒·瓦哈卜對他的學說也持反對意見,蘇萊曼甚至成為第一個專門著述駁斥瓦哈卜的學者。[16]
早期傳教
回到家鄉後,瓦哈卜的學說吸引了一些投機份子。其中就包括了烏雅伊納的統治者烏斯曼·伊本·穆阿邁爾(Uthman ibn Mu'ammar)。和穆阿邁爾一起,瓦哈卜打算協助他將勢力擴大至內志以至更遠的地方,作為交換,穆阿邁爾需支持瓦哈卜的宗教學說。由此,瓦哈卜開始着手實現他的一些宗教改革理念。首先,他填平了先知穆罕默德的同道扎耶德·伊本·哈塔卜的墓以禁絕朝拜拱北。然後,他下令砍伐本地人視為神樹的樹木,而他自己則親手砍倒了最受崇敬的一棵。最後,他將一名犯下通姦罪的女性處以石刑。[42][43]
瓦哈卜的這些舉動引起了巴尼哈立德部的蘇萊曼·伊本·穆罕默德·伊本·古賴爾(Sulaiman ibn Muhammad ibn Ghurayr)的關注。此人是當時哈薩綠洲和蓋提夫的酋長,在內志地區位高權重。伊本·古賴爾逼迫穆阿邁爾將瓦哈卜趕走或殺死,否則穆阿邁爾將不得再從自己的領地徵稅。瓦哈卜遂遭驅逐。[43][44]
沙烏地國家的崛起
與穆罕默德·本·沙烏地的盟約
瓦哈卜被驅逐出烏雅伊納後,他受德拉伊耶統治者穆罕默德·本·沙烏地的邀請去往彼地。在德拉伊耶居住了一段時日後,瓦哈卜得以與沙特建立起他生涯中第二份與統治者之間的盟約,而這份盟約則更為成功。[45]瓦哈卜和沙烏地認為他們能夠聯手將阿拉伯半島上的人們帶回他們眼中真正的伊斯蘭教信仰。據史料記載,當二人第一次見面時,本·沙烏地說道:
這片綠洲是你的,不要懼怕你的仇敵。因着神之名,即使全內志都接到命令將你驅逐,我們絕不驅逐你。
——馬達維·拉希德,沙特阿拉伯史: 16
而瓦哈卜則回答道:
你是此地之長,且富有智慧。願你能誓言聖戰以絕不信者。你作伊瑪目,領導穆民,我則專制教務。
——馬達維·拉希德,沙特阿拉伯史: 16
公元1744年,兩人互誓忠誠,並訂下盟約。瓦哈卜負責宗教事務,而沙烏地則負責行政、軍事事務。[45]這份盟約使雙方互相支持[46][47]並分享權力。[48]這份沙烏地王室與謝赫家族及其追隨者之間的盟約延續了已近三百年[49],為沙烏地國家的擴張提供了意識形態方面的動力。[50]
德拉伊耶酋長國(第一沙特王國)
瓦哈卜與沙烏地的1744年盟約標誌着第一沙烏地王國的崛起,即德拉伊耶酋長國。有了明確的意識形態動力後,沙烏地首先征服了內志,並將薩拉菲主義傳播到當今沙烏地阿拉伯國境四處[14],同時消除他們認為有多神教嫌疑的行為並傳播瓦哈卜本人的學說。[14][51]
晚年
1766年,穆罕默德·本·沙烏地遭到暗殺,其子阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·本·穆罕穆德即位。瓦哈卜將其女嫁給了阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲;這場聯姻強化了瓦哈卜與沙烏地的盟約。他們四處征討,將不服從瓦哈比派的穆斯林的財產沒收,並聲稱奪取他們的財產是主對他們虔誠的賞賜。由此,瓦哈卜變得極為富有,他和沙烏地窮極奢侈腐敗。1773年,瓦哈卜和沙烏地征服了利雅得並計劃繼續進軍伊拉克和敘利亞。他一直擔任大伊瑪目至1792年去世為止。截止其死期,沙烏地家族已經以利雅得為中心統治大片阿拉伯地區。據史學家伊本·比希爾稱,作為大伊瑪目,沙烏地國內所有政務事無巨細都需經過他的同意。臨死前,瓦哈卜將伊瑪目的職位授予了女婿阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲。[52]
身後
瓦哈比派和沙烏地政權在瓦哈卜本人去世後仍舊推進其擴張計劃。1802年,瓦哈比派以一萬兩千人的兵力攻陷了波斯的卡爾巴拉城,洗劫了伊瑪目侯賽因聖陵中的無數財寶並屠殺了四千餘人,包括婦女和兒童。[53]1805年,瓦哈比派占領了麥加與麥地那並宣布不承認鄂圖曼帝國蘇丹聖地守護者的頭銜。占領區內所有除古蘭經與聖訓集以外的書籍全數遭到焚毀。城中財產也被洗劫一空。[52]鄂圖曼帝國因同時需要應付俄羅斯、英國、奧地利以及埃及而無暇抽身。大英帝國則樂於見到瓦哈比派在鄂圖曼帝國的後方造成動亂。直到1812年,帝國方才委託埃及的穆罕默德·阿里帕夏討伐瓦哈比派。阿里帕夏成功地奪回了兩聖地和利雅得。1818年,沙烏地政權首都德拉伊耶陷落,阿里帕夏處死了瓦哈卜的兩名孫子,酋長阿卜杜拉·本·沙特也被押送至君士坦丁堡處決。[52]
家庭
根據大英百科全書等學術文獻,瓦哈卜在巴格達時曾與一富裕的婦女結婚,並在該女子去世後繼承了他的財產。[54][55]瓦哈卜共有6個兒子;侯賽因、阿卜杜拉、哈桑、阿里以及易卜拉欣,阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲則早夭。他的孩子們在家附近建立學校並向德拉伊耶和其他地區的學說傳授學說。瓦哈卜的子孫謝赫家族在沙特阿拉伯國內與王室比肩,他們之間分享權力。[56]沙特家族支持阿禮·謝赫們的宗教權威,而謝赫家族則支持沙特家族的政治權威[57],因着自身的政治、道德權威性為沙特家族的統治提供合法性。[58]
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Laoust, H., "Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
- ^ 譯名室, 新華通訊社. 世界人名翻译大辞典 第二版. 北京: 中國對外翻譯出版公司. 2007: 2946. ISBN 9787500107996. OCLC 163575075.
- ^ 瓦哈卜一神教派. 人學大辭典. 河北人民出版社. 1995 [2021-12-11]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-11).
瓦哈卜一神教派:阿拉伯文wahhabiyah的音譯。……創始人為穆罕默德·伊本·阿卜杜勒·瓦哈卜。反對派據此稱其為「瓦哈比教派」。該派自稱「唯一神教派」。
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- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Heern, Zackery M. The Emergence of Modern Shi'ism: Islamic Reform in Iraq and Iran. Oneworld Publications. 2015: 133–134 [2018-12-09]. ISBN 9781780744971. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-22).
- ^ Hourani 1992: 257–258
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- ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 The Life Account of Shaykh Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and Ibn Sa‘ud. [2018-12-09]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-08).
- ^ EI1: 1086
- ^ Glassé 2003: 470
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Shahi, Afshin. The Politics of Truth Management in Saudi Arabia. Routledge. 2013-12-04: 46 [2022-07-11]. ISBN 9781134653195. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-10) (英語).
- ^ Abu.Iyaad. The Genealogy of Shaykh Muhammad Bin Abd Al-Wahhaab. [2018-12-05]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-06).
- ^ Navalk Post Graduate School Thesis, September 2009, Michael R. Dillon: Wahhabism: Is it a factor in the spread of global terrorism?, p 13 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期7 April 2014. Linked 2015-03-03
- ^ 22.0 22.1 ibn Ghannam: 75–76
- ^ Hopwood 1972: 55
- ^ EI2: 677–678
- ^ Al-Nasafī, Majmūʿat al-ḥawāshī al-bahiyya ʿalā sharḥ al-ʿaqāʾid al-nasafiyya, 4 vols. (Cairo: Dār al-Muṣṭafā, 2007), 1:194: "The miracles of saints are a reality (ḥaqq)."
- ^ Al-Ashʿarī, al-Ibāna ʿan uṣūl al-diyāna, ed. Fawqiyya Ḥusayn Maḥmūd (Cairo: Dār al-Anṣār, 1397/1977), 31, 33: "It is possible for God to single out the righteous (ṣāliḥīn) by making signs (āyāt) appear at their hands."
- ^ Al-Ṭaḥāwī, Matn al-ʿaqīda al-ṭaḥāwiyya, ed. Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1398/1978), 59: "[W]e believe in what has come via sound transmission through trustworthy narrators (ṣaḥḥa ʿan al-thiqāt min ruwātihim) from among their [the saints'] miracles."
- ^ Al-Shaʿrānī, Laṭāʾif al-minan, 2 vols. (Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿĀmira, 1311/1894), 1:218: "Believing in the miracles of saints is a required truth (wājib ḥaqq)."
- ^ Al-Qushayrī, al-Risāla al-qushayriyya (Cairo: [al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿĀmira], 1870), 186–7: "Believing in the possibility of the miracles of saints is an obligation."
- ^ Ibn Qudamah: "As for the people of the Sunna who follow the traditions and pursue the path of the righteous ancestors, no imperfection taints them, not does any disgrace occur to them. Among them are the learned who practise their knowledge, the saints and the righteous men, the God-fearing and pious, the pure and the good, those who have attained the state of sainthood and the performance of miracles, and those who worship in humility and exert themselves in the study of religious law. It is with their praise that books and registers are adorned. Their annals embellish the congregations and assemblies. Hearts become alive at the mention of their life histories, and happiness ensues from following their footsteps. They are supported by religion; and religion is by them endorsed. Of them the Quran speaks; and the Quran they themselves express. And they are a refuge to men when events afflict them: for kings, and others of lesser rank, seek their visits, regarding their supplications to God as a means of obtaining blessings, and asking them to intercede for them with God" (cited in Ahmet T. Karamustafa, Sufism: The Formative Period (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), p. 132).
- ^ ʿAlī Hujwirī: "God has saints (awliyā) whom He has specially distinguished by His friendship and whom He has chosen to be the governors of His kingdom… He has made the saints governors of the universe… Through the blessing of their advent the rain falls from heaven, and through the purity of their lives the plants spring up from the earth, and through their spiritual influence the Muslims gain victories over the truth concealers" (cited in Radtke, B., Lory, P., Zarcone, Th., DeWeese, D., Gaborieau, M., F. M. Denny, Françoise Aubin, J. O. Hunwick and N. Mchugh, "Walī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs).
- ^ Rapoport, Yossef; Ahmed, Shahab (2010-01-01). Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Oxford University Press. p. 305.
- ^ Ibn Hajar al-Haythami: "Make sure you do not listen to what is in the books of Ibn Taymiyya and his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and other such people who have taken their own whim as their God, and who have been led astray by God, and whose hearts and ears have been sealed, and whose eyes have been covered by Him... May God forsake the one who follows them, and purify the earth of their likes" (in Rapoport, Yossef; Ahmed, Shahab (2010-01-01). Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Oxford University Press. p. 274.
- ^ Ibn Hajar al-Haythami: "Ibn Taymiyya is a servant whom God has forsaken, led astray, made blind and deaf, and degraded. Such is the explicit verdict of the leading scholars who have exposed the rottenness of his ways and the errors of his statements" (in Rapoport, Yossef; Ahmed, Shahab (2010-01-01). Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Oxford University Press. p. 271.
- ^ Taqi al-Din al-Hisni referred to Ibn Taymiyyah as a "heretic from Harran"; see Rapoport, Yossef; Ahmed, Shahab (2010-01-01). Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Oxford University Press. p. 271
- ^ John L. Esposito (edited by), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press (2004), p. 296
- ^ Islamic Law and Society. E.J. Brill. 2006-01-01: 216 (英語).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Voll 1975: 32–39
- ^ ibn 'Hajar: 17–19
- ^ Official sources on Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's life put his visits to these cities in different chronological orders, and the full extent of such travels remains disputed among historians. As well, dates are missing in a great many cases, making it difficult to reconstruct a chronology of his life up until his return to 'Uyayna in 1740.
- ^ ibn Bishr: 7–8
- ^ Lacey 1983: 56
- ^ 43.0 43.1 DeLong-Bas 2004: 24
- ^ ibn 'Hajar: 28
- ^ 45.0 45.1 DeLong-Bas 2004: 34
- ^ Parker T. Hart. Saudi Arabia and the United States: Birth of a Security Partnership. Indiana University Press. 1998: 7 [2018-12-06]. ISBN 0-253-33460-8. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-10).
- ^ Sebastian Maisel; John A. Shoup. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States. Greenwood Press. February 2009: 228 [2018-12-06]. ISBN 978-0-313-34442-8. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-04).
- ^ Hunt Janin; André Kahlmeyer. Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present. McFarland. 2007-02-22: 92 [2018-12-06]. ISBN 978-1-4766-0881-5. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-28).
- ^ Obaid 1999: 51–58
- ^ Faksh 1997: 89–90
- ^ EBO History of Arabia 2011
- ^ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Khatab, Sayed. Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics. Oxford University Press. 2011: 73–74 [2018-12-06]. ISBN 9789774164996. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-10).
- ^ Vassiliev, Alexei. The History of Saudi Arabia. Saqi. 2013 [2018-12-15]. ISBN 9780863567797. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-10).
- ^ EBO Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb 2011
- ^ Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [2016-12-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-11-07).
- ^ Ottaway 2008: 176
- ^ Nyrop 2008: 50
- ^ Bligh 1985: 37–50