蓋洛普最敬佩的人民意調查

蓋洛普1946年起每年面向美國民眾開展最敬佩的人民意調查[1],在不預先提示的情況下請受訪者說出最敬佩男女姓名,只要求人物仍然在世[2][3],結果取前十名公布。在任美國總統登頂最敬佩男子次數最多,最敬佩女子以第一夫人最為常見[4]

德懷特·艾森豪威爾(左上)與貝拉克·奧巴馬(右上)均12次入選最敬佩男子。希拉里·克林頓(左下)22次入選最敬佩女子,埃莉諾·羅斯福(右下)13次

72年來,在任美國總統58次入選最敬佩男子[1],其中德懷特·艾森豪威爾貝拉克·奧巴馬均以12次居首[5]。福音派傳教士葛培理一生61次進入前十,為進入前十次數最多的男性,其中八次位居第二[6]。其他經常入選前十的如羅納德·里根31次,吉米·卡特28次、教宗若望保祿二世27次[7]。1977年起,在任教宗每年都入選前十[7]。評論認為此項民調一定程度上相當於名氣檢驗[8]。榜首人選通常可以預料,學者發現前十位其他人選往往只是有名而不見得是好名聲。例如堅決主張種族隔離的阿肯色州州長奧瓦爾·福布斯1958年在小石城事件後上榜。[9]

前第一夫人埃莉諾·羅斯福希拉里·克林頓登頂最敬佩女子次數最多[3]。羅斯福13次名列榜首,她20世紀40年代後期到50年代擔任美國駐聯合國大使聯合國人權委員會主席,協助發布《世界人權宣言》,世人普遍將她譽為「世界第一夫人」[10]。克林頓是1993至2001年的第一夫人、曾任美國國務卿、紐約州聯邦參議員[11]2016年大選期間成為美國史上首位女總統候選人[12]。1993至2017年,克林頓在25年間22次名列榜首,直到2018年米歇爾·奧巴馬取而代之[6]。英國女王伊麗莎白二世亮相前十達52次,比其他人選都多[6][5]奧花·雲費33次入選前十但從未登頂[5],其中14次排第二[6]

加爾各答德肋撒修女羅莎琳·卡特1980年並列排在最敬佩女子首位,貝拉克·奧巴馬與唐納·川普2019年一起登上最敬佩男子榜首[13]。1946至1947年民調提問是「最敬佩的人」,1967年沒有詢問「最敬佩的女子」[5]。1976和2021年沒有開展民調。部分受訪者的回答不是公眾人物,而是朋友或親戚[14]

名單

年份 最敬佩的男子 最敬佩的女子 參考
畫像 姓名 畫像 姓名
1946   道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟[注 1] 未調查 [5]
1947 [5]
1948   哈里·S·杜魯門   埃莉諾·羅斯福 [15]
1949 [16]
1950   德懷特·艾森豪威爾 [5]
1951   道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟   伊麗莎白·肯尼 [17][18]
1952   德懷特·艾森豪威爾   埃莉諾·羅斯福 [19]
1953 [20]
1954 [21][22]
1955 [21][23]
1956 [21][23]
1957 [21][24]
1958 [21][24]
1959 [21][25]
1960 [21][25]
1961   約翰·肯尼迪 [26][27]
1962   傑奎琳·肯尼迪 [26][28]
1963   林登·約翰遜 [26][28]
1964 [29][30]
1965 [29][30]
1966 [31]
1967   德懷特·艾森豪威爾 未調查 [32]
1968   埃塞爾·肯尼迪 [32][33]
1969   理查德·尼克松   瑪米·艾森豪威爾 [34][35]
1970 [34][35]
1971   果爾達·梅厄 [36][37]
1972   帕特·尼克松 [36][37]
1973   亨利·基辛格   果爾達·梅厄 [38][39]
1974 [38][39]
1975   貝蒂·福特 [40]
1976 未調查
1977   吉米·卡特   羅莎琳·卡特 [41][42]
1978   貝蒂·福特 [41][42]
1979   羅莎琳·卡特 [5]
1980   若望保祿二世   加爾各答德肋撒修女羅莎琳·卡特 [43]
1981   羅納德·里根   南希·里根 [44]
1982   瑪格麗特·撒切爾 [45][46]
1983 [5]
1984 [47][48]
1985   南希·里根 [49]
1986   加爾各答德肋撒修女 [5]
1987   南希·里根 [50]
1988   瑪格麗特·撒切爾 [51][52]
1989   喬治·赫伯特·沃克·布什 [5]
1990 [53]
1991   芭芭拉·布什 [54]
1992 [55]
1993   比爾·克林頓   希拉里·克林頓 [56]
1994 [57]
1995   加爾各答德肋撒修女 [58]
1996 [59]
1997   希拉里·克林頓 [60]
1998 [61]
1999 [62]
2000 [63]
2001   喬治·沃克·布什   勞拉·威爾士·布什 [64]
2002   希拉里·克林頓 [65]
2003 [66]
2004 [67]
2005 [68]
2006 [69]
2007 [70][71]
2008   貝拉克·奧巴馬 [72]
2009 [73]
2010 [74]
2011 [75]
2012 [76]
2013 [77]
2014 [78]
2015 [79]
2016 [80]
2017 [81]
2018   米歇爾·奧巴馬 [82]
2019   貝拉克·奧巴馬唐納·川普 [83][84]
2020   唐納·川普 [85][86]
2021 未調查
2022 未調查

注釋

  1. ^ 民調問題是「最敬佩的人」[5]

參考資料

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