土耳其猶太人歷史

土耳其猶太人歷史（土耳其語：Türk Yahudileri ，希伯來語：יהודים טורקים‎，羅馬化：Yehudim Turkim ）是指生活在土耳其的猶太人歷史。

至少從公元一世紀開始，就有猶太人在安納托利亞定居（羅馬尼奧猶太人）。奧斯曼帝國時代之前的安納托利亞的猶太人主要由講希臘語的羅馬尼奧猶太人組成，此外還有少數猶太教卡拉派信徒。十五世紀末和十六世紀初，許多生活在西班牙、葡萄牙和意大利南部居住的塞法迪猶太人因為阿罕布拉法令而被驅逐，其中有很多人來到奧斯曼帝國各地定居。

截至16世紀末，奧斯曼帝國境內的的猶太人數量達15萬，是當時猶太人人口最多的國家。 ^[1]^[2]

猶太人是現今土耳其官方承認的四個少數民族之一。 ^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]如今，許多歷史上曾在土耳其定居的猶太人都已移民至以色列。不過土耳其境內仍然有少量猶太人口，其中絕大多數居住在伊斯坦布爾，還有一些居住在伊茲密爾。

參考文獻

^ Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer Publishing. 27 July 2016: 40 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9781349122356. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-25）.
^ Levy, Avigdor. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Darwin Press. 1992: 12–13 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9780878500888. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-25）.
^ Kaya, Nurcan. Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools. European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 2015-11-24, 12 (1): 315–338 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 2211-6117. doi:10.1163/9789004306134_013. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-25）（英語）. Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach 『traditionally used languages』, elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.
^ Toktas, Sule. EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities. East European quarterly. 2006b, 40: 489–519 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0012-8449. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-11）（英語）. Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
^ Phillips, Thomas James. The (In-)Validity of Turkey’s Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 2020-12-16, 27 (1): 66–93 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1385-4879. doi:10.1163/15718115-02701001. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-11）. The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that 「the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities」 and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to 「Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)」.
^ Bayır, Derya. Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 2013: 88–89, 203–204 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）.
^ Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent. The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly. 2009, 124 (4): 697–720 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0032-3195. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-08）.
^ Köksal, Yonca. Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 2006, 6 (4): 501–521 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1468-3857. doi:10.1080/14683850601016390. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-12）（英語）.

[1] Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer Publishing. 27 July 2016: 40 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9781349122356. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-25）.

[2] Levy, Avigdor. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Darwin Press. 1992: 12–13 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 9780878500888. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-25）.

[Kaya2015-3] Kaya, Nurcan. Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools. European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 2015-11-24, 12 (1): 315–338 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 2211-6117. doi:10.1163/9789004306134_013. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-25）（英語）. Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach 『traditionally used languages』, elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.

[Toktas2006-4] Toktas, Sule. EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities. East European quarterly. 2006b, 40: 489–519 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0012-8449. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-11）（英語）. Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

[Phillips2020-5] Phillips, Thomas James. The (In-)Validity of Turkey’s Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 2020-12-16, 27 (1): 66–93 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1385-4879. doi:10.1163/15718115-02701001. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-11）. The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that 「the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities」 and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to 「Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)」.

[Bayır2013-6] Bayır, Derya. Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 2013: 88–89, 203–204 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）.

[7] Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent. The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly. 2009, 124 (4): 697–720 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 0032-3195. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-08）.

[8] Köksal, Yonca. Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 2006, 6 (4): 501–521 [2024-01-17]. ISSN 1468-3857. doi:10.1080/14683850601016390. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-12）（英語）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]