虾类养殖

海虾养殖是水产养殖的一形式，以放养具经济价值的虾类为主。

商业海虾养殖场开始于20世纪70年代，饲养海虾以供人食用。海虾生产量急剧增长以满足市场的需求──尤其是美国、日本和西欧的市场。在2003年，全球生产的养殖虾超过160万吨，价值近九十亿美元。约75％养殖虾由亚洲国家生产，中国和泰国是最大的生产国。其馀25％由拉丁美洲国家生产，巴西是最大的生产国。最大的出口国是泰国。

历史和地理

数百年来，亚洲使用传统的低密度方法养虾；印尼的咸水池塘可以追溯至十五世纪。有些小规模渔塘只单独养虾，有一些则连同其他物种，如虱目鱼一起饲养。有些虾则养在旱季的稻田里，与水稻轮作──因为旱季不能种植稻米^[1]。传统的小规模养殖场，多数在沿岸地区或河滨。因为红树林地区有丰富的野生虾，所以是最理想的养虾场。野生虾苖被困在渔塘，以天然的水中生物为生，当长到理想的大小时，虾农捞捕虾获。

工业虾养殖的起源，可追溯到20世纪30年代，当时日本首次培育日本对虾（Penaeus japonicus）。到了60年代，日本已经出现小规模的虾养殖业^[2]。商业养虾业开始于20世纪60年代末和70年代初。由于技术进步，养虾密度得以增加；另一面，市场对虾的需求日益增长，导致虾养殖场遍布世界各地。虾养殖场主要集中在热带和亚热带地区。1980年代初期，海虾的需求日益增长，与此同时，野生虾渔获郤不能增加，这为海虾养殖业创造一个理想的发展环境，造就它的繁荣。

台湾是其中一个早期的参与者，在上世纪80年代是主要的养虾生产地。然而由于管理不善和疾病，台湾的虾养殖工业从1988年开始崩塌^[3]。从1985年开始，大型的高密度虾养殖场在泰国迅速扩展^[4]。厄瓜多尔率先在南美开发养虾业，并且从1978年开始急剧发展^[5]。自1974年以来，巴西的养虾业一直活跃，但是虾贸易到了20世纪90年代，才真正蓬勃发展，令到该国在数年之内，成为主要养虾生产国^[6]。到了今天，拥有海虾养殖场的国家多达50多个。

养殖方法

在1970年代，野生海虾捕捞业能供应的海虾产量，不足以满足消费者对海虾的需求，因此海虾养殖成为一个经济上可行的替代方法，以满足市场日益增长的需求。旧式的自给自足的养殖方法（又称少有馀粮的农场经营、糊口农业（英语：subsistence farming）），迅速被淘汰，取而代之的是以出口为主的高密度养虾工业。工业养虾最初仍沿用传统的养殖方法，不过工业养虾场的面积比旧式养虾鱼塘大得多，以弥补低密度海虾的单位面积产量。旧式养虾鱼塘一般只有几公顷大，而在一些地方的工业养虾场的大小，却能达100公顷（1平方公里）。

注释

^ Rönnbäck, 2001.
^ Rosenberry, About Shrimp Farming.
^ International Shrimp Action Network, 2000.
^ Hossain & Lin, 2001.
^ McClennan, 2004.
^ Novelli, 2003.

参考

各国捕捞与养殖水产品产量列表
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外部链接

FAO Fisheries Department: Review of the State of World Aquaculture^{[失效链接]}, FAO Fisheries Circular 886, Rev. 1; FAO, 1997. ISSN 0429-9329.
Holthuis, L. B.: FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. I: Shrimps and Prawns of the World, FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, Vol. 1.; FAO, 1980. ISBN 92-5-100896-5.
McQuaid, J.: Thailand transformed by shrimp boom （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, March 28, 1996. Part of a series for which the newspaper The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, won the 普利策奖in the category "public service" in 1997.
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） has many of the World Bank et al. reports and a lot of current information about shrimp farming in Asia.
Scampi.nu is a Swedish web site critical of shrimp farming that has many excellent links to English articles.
Mai Po gei wai is a WWF-managed extensive shrimp farm in Hong Kong.
蒙特雷湾水族馆 'Seafood Guide' offers good information on choosing Sea food that is caught using sustainable and environmentally aware methods.
Shrimp farming, from 绿色和平。

[Roen01-1] Rönnbäck, 2001.

[Ros04a-2] Rosenberry, About Shrimp Farming.

[ISA00-3] International Shrimp Action Network, 2000.

[HL01-4] Hossain & Lin, 2001.

[McC04-5] McClennan, 2004.

[Nov03-6] Novelli, 2003.

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