皮膜骨
皮膜骨(英语:dermal bone 或 investing bone 或 membrane bone)是脊椎动物骨骼内膜内组织硬化形成的骨质组织。皮膜骨出现在头骨、颚骨、鳃盖、肩带、鱼鳍以及甲壳(龟类)中。不同于硬化软骨(endochondral bone),皮膜骨并不来源于钙化的软骨组织[1]。皮膜骨与真皮一同形成,并在随后成骨细胞的发育中不断累积。
尽管在颅骨顶和颅后结构中皮膜骨的形状和数量都有所变化,但脊椎动物都保留了一些皮膜骨的功能。 在硬骨鱼中的鱼鳍和鳞片中都发现了皮膜骨。锁骨是皮膜骨的一个特殊例子。一些皮膜骨功能涉及生物力学方面,例如保护自身免受掠食者的捕食[2][3][4]。 皮膜骨还被认为与生态生理有关,例如取暖时在身体与周围环境之间进行热传递(如鳄鱼)[5],以及长时间呼吸暂停期间骨骼对酸中毒的中和(如鳄类和海龟)[6][7]。 这些生态生理功能取决于在皮膜骨内部或其上方的血管网络[8]。
参考资料
- ^ de Buffrénil, V.; Clarac, F.; Fau, M.; Martin, S.; Martin, B.; Pellé, E.; Laurin, M. Differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in vertebrates: a comparative histological study among the Crocodylomorpha. Journal of Morphology. 2015, 276 (4): 425–445. PMID 25488816. doi:10.1002/jmor.20351.
- ^ Chen, I.H.; Kiang, J.H.; Correa, V.; Lopeza, M.I.; Chen, P.Y.; McKittrick, J.; Meyers, M.A. Armadillo armor: mechanical testing and micro-structural evaluation.. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2011, 4 (5): 713–722. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.12.013.
- ^ Broeckhoven, Chris; Diedericks, G.; Mouton, P. le Fras N. What doesn’t kill you might make you stronger: functional basis for variation in body armour. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2015, 84: 1213–1221. PMID 26104546. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12414.
- ^ Clarac, F.; Goussard, F.; de Buffrénil, V.; Sansalone, V. The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis. Paleobiology. 2019, 45 (1): 182–200. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.48.
- ^ Clarac, F.; Quilhac, A. The crocodylian skull and osteoderms: A functional exaptation to ectothermy?. Zoology. 2019, 132: 31–40. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2018.12.001.
- ^ Jackson, D.C.; Goldberger, Z.; Visuri, J.; Armstrong, R.N. Ionic exchanges of turtle shell in vitro and their relevance to shell function in the anoxic turtle. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999, 202: 503–520.
- ^ Jackson, DC.; Andrade, D.; Abe, AS. Lactate sequestration by osteoderms of the broad-nose caiman, Caiman latirostris, following capture and forced submergence. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2003, 206: 3601–3606. doi:10.1242/jeb.00611.
- ^ Clarac, F.; de Buffrénil, V.; Cubo, J.; Quilhac, A. Vascularization in ornamentedosteoderms: physiological implications in ectothermy and amphibious lifestyle in the crocodylomorphs?. Anatomical Record. 2018, 301: 175–183. doi:10.1002/ar.23695.