干涉论
干预权是声称美国各州有权反对该州认为违宪的联邦政府的行为。根据干涉论,某州可以通过采取行动阻止联邦政府执行该州认为违宪的法律,从而行使在联邦政府和该州人民之间“干涉”的权利。然而在1958年的库伯诉亚伦案中,美国最高法院明确否定了干预权。美国最高法院和联邦下级法院一直认为,宣布联邦法律违宪的权力属于联邦司法机构,而不属于各州。法院认为,在干预联邦法律的执行时,干涉论不是有效的宪法学说。[1]
干涉论与废止论密切相关,废止论认为,各州有权废除被视为违宪的联邦法律,并有权阻止在其境内执行此类法律。
尽管干涉论与废止论相似,但还是有一些区别。废止论是一个州的单独行为,而干涉论是各州联合起来采取的行动。[2]废止论是一个州宣布某条联邦法律违宪,同时声明该法律在该州无效,不予执行。干涉论也是一个州宣布某条联邦法律违宪,但是最初设想的干涉并不导致该州宣布该法律在该州不予执行,而是仍然在该州执行该法律。[2]因此干涉论可被视为比废止论更温和。
一旦确定联邦法律违宪,一个州可以采取多种行动进行“干预”。这些行动包括与其他州就违宪法律进行沟通,试图争取其他州的支持,向国会请愿以废除该法律,在国会中引入宪法修正案或召开修宪会议。[3]
干涉论与废止论经常相提并论,许多同样的原理适用于这两种理论。实务上,干涉论与废止论常常混用。约翰·卡尔霍恩指出这两个词是可以互换的,并指出:“弗吉尼亚州庄严地宣称的干预权,不管是称之为州权,否决权,废止权或其他任何名称,我认为这是我们(美国)系统的基本原则。“[4]在1950年代对美国南部学校的种族隔离进行的斗争中,许多南部州试图通过所谓的“干涉法案”来保护其种族隔离的学校。这些法案实际上将具有废止论的效果。[5]不论这些法案是称为干涉论还是废止论,这些法案都被联邦法院的打击。
参考资料
- ^ Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 188 F. Supp. 916 (E.D. La. 1960), aff'd 364 U.S. 500 (1960).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Joseph McGraw, To Secure These Rights': Virginia Republicans on the Strategies of Political Opposition, 1788-1800, 91 The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 54, 57 (1983)
- ^ See the Report of 1800, in which Madison wrote that the states may take actions such as "declaring the unconstitutionality of proceedings in the Federal Government, ... communicating the declaration to other states, and inviting their concurrence in a like declaration. ... The legislatures of the states might have made a direct representation to Congress, with a view to obtain a rescinding of the two offensive acts; or, they might have represented to their respective senators in Congress their wish, that two-thirds thereof would propose an explanatory amendment to the Constitution; or two-thirds of themselves, if such had been their option, might, by an application to Congress, have obtained a convention for the same object."
- ^ Calhoun, John C., The Fort Hill Address (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), July 26, 1831.
- ^ See, for example, the Louisiana act of interposition, set out in the appendix to Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 188 F. Supp. 916 (E.D. La. 1960), aff'd 364 U.S. 500 (1960).