以色列与大规模杀伤性武器
普遍认为,以色列拥有大规模杀伤性武器。该国是四个不在不扩散核武器条约的拥有的核武器国家之一[1]。美国国会技术评估办公室(Office of Technology Assessment)认为以色列藏有“未经申报”的化学武器。同时,该办公室还认为以色列有研究进攻性生物武器的计划[2]。而以色列官方则既没有承认也没有否认在拥有核武器。
核武器
据信,以色列在1967年就已经拥有了可用于作战的核武器。在六日战争之后,以色列很快就生产了大量的核弹头[2]。另有非官方的调查结果显示,以色列有80到2000枚热核武器[3][4][5][6]。目前,尚不清楚报导中的以色列热核武器是否是百万吨级的[7]。另外,以色列还被认为拥有多种形式的核武器(比如中子弹、战术核武器、手提箱核弹等)[8]。据信,以色列制造核武器的场所是内盖夫核子研究中心。
2006年,以色列总理埃胡德·奥尔默特在德国电视台发表讲话时表示“伊朗有志和美国、法国、以色列、俄罗斯一样,成为有核国家”——这似乎承认了以色列拥有核武器[9][10][11]。他的表态,与以色列政府长期实行的对该国是否持有核武器这一问题的故意模糊政策完全相悖。目前,以色列仍然维持着“不会在中东首先使用核武器”的政策[12]。前国际原子能机构总干事穆罕默德·巴拉迪认为以色列是一个有核国家[13]。目前,不少关于以色列的核计划的信息都是在1986年由一个叫做莫迪凯·瓦努努的内盖夫核子研究中心的技术员那里流出的,他在事后被以当局判处18年监禁。以色列到目前为止还没有签署核不扩散条约,不过,该国却支持建立一个中东无大规模杀伤性区域。[14]
2023年以色列—哈马斯战争期间,属于极右翼的以色列文化遗产部长阿米哈伊·埃利亚胡,在电台访谈中说用核弹攻击加沙“是可能性之一”,间接承认以色列拥有核武。他其后被总理内塔尼亚胡暂停职务。[15][16]美国军事媒体《国家利益》引述安全问题专家分析,称以色列至少拥有90枚核弹头。[17]
核武器携带方式
以色列可以通过射程达11,500公里、能用于二次打击的杰里科洲际弹道导弹发射核弹。以色列能装配核弹头的弹道导弹据信都深埋于地下,即使遭受了核打击也不会被破坏[18][19]。另外,以色列还被认为拥有离岸的二次打击能力,因为该国拥有能搭载核弹头的潜射巡航导弹,而这种导弹可以通过以色列海军的海豚级潜艇发射[20]。另外,以色列空军拥有F-15I和F-16I核苏阀两种在使用保形油箱、配备波音707改造成的空中加油机时能够长距离携带核武器的战斗机[21]。
化学武器
以色列已签署,但尚未批准《禁止化学武器公约》(CWC)[22]1983年,一份由CIA撰写的报告指出:“以色列在发现该国已被有了初步化学武器使用能力的阿拉伯邻国包围后,开始愈加担心他们面对化学武器攻击时的脆弱……于是,他们开始了为对己方和敌对区域开展化学战作准备的项目。1982年晚些时候,(我们)在内盖夫沙漠中发现了一套疑似为化学武器神经毒剂的生产和存储设备的设施。另外,以色列还被认为存在另外的化学武器生产行为,因为该国的化学工业十分发达。”[23]
另外,亦有猜测认为,位于耐斯茨奥纳的以色列生物学研究所(IIBR)也有与化学武器相关的项目[24] [25]。
1992年,人们在于飞往特拉维夫途中坠毁的以色列航空1862号班机的货物中发现了190升的甲基膦酸二甲酯。二甲酯是列于化学武器公约附表2中的化学品,它是合成神经毒剂沙林的 原料之一。对此,以色列坚称,这些物质是无毒的,他们只是把这些物质用于防化过滤器的测试,而且,这批甲基膦酸二甲酯是清楚按照国际规范列于货物舱单上的。这批甲基膦酸二甲酯是从一个美国化工厂发往以色列生物学研究所的,且拥有美国商务部下发的许可证[26]。
1993年,美国国会技术评估办公室的大规模杀伤性武器扩散评估中把以色列定位为“通常被认为是拥有的未申报的化学战能力的国家”。[2]前负责化学和生物防御的美国副助理国务卿比尔·理查森博士在1998年这样说道:“我坚信以色列在研制具有进攻性的化学武器和生物武器……毫无疑问,他们(以色列)已经有这些东西很多年了。”[27]
生物武器
据信,以色列已经拥有具进攻性的生物战能力[2]。美国国会技术评估办公室将以色列定位为“拥有长期、未申报的生物战相关项目的国家”[2],且以色列没有签署禁止生物武器公约[28]。有假说认为位于耐斯茨奥纳的以色列生物学研究所在研究对抗生物战和化学战的疫苗和解毒剂[29]。目前,很难确认以色列是否还维持着进攻性的生物武器项目。但有推测认为以色列仍然维持着制造和散布生物武器的有效能力[30]。
文学作品
- 约翰·道格拉斯-格雷所著的惊悚片《诺瓦克遗产》(The Novak Legacy)
参考
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- ^ nuclear weapons of Israel. [May 3, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-29).
- ^ Toukan, Abdullah, Senior Associate; Cordesman, Anthony H., Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy. Study on a Possible Israeli Strike on Iran’s Nuclear Development Facilities (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. [April 2, 2015]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-04-17).
- ^ Brower, Kenneth S., “A Propensity for Conflict: Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East,” Jane's Intelligence Review, Special Report no. 14, (February 1997), 14-15.
- ^ Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance. Arms Control Association. [2007-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2007-05-30).
- ^ Does Israel Really Have a Thermonuclear Weapon?. [2015-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-04).
- ^ Hersh, Seymour M. The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. New York: Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-394-57006-5 p.220
- ^ Israeli PM in nuclear arms hint. BBC Online. 2006-12-12 [2015-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ In a Slip, Israel’s Leader Seems to Confirm Its Nuclear Arsenal. The New York Times. 2006-12-12 [2015-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-20).
- ^ Israeli PM admits to nuclear weapons. ABC Online. 2006-12-12 [2015-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-13).
- ^ Dawoud, Khaled. Redefining the bomb. Al-Ahram Weekly. 1999-12-02 [2006-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2006-06-26).
- ^ Mohamed ElBaradei. Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News. International Atomic Energy Agency. 27 July 2004 [2007-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-21).
- ^ 43 nations to seek Middle East free of WMDs. MSNBC.com. 2008-07-13 [2011-09-06]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-05).
- ^ 参考消息. 11月7日译名发布:阿米哈伊·埃利亚胡. 百家号,百度百科. [2024-07-16] (中文(简体)).
据法新社11月5日报道,以色列遗产事务部长阿米哈伊·埃利亚胡被停职,他最近在接受媒体采访时,因提出可以向加沙投放核弹而引起争议。
- ^ Nuking Gaza a possibility – Israeli minister. RT. 2023-11-05 [2023-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-16).
Israeli Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu has suggested that his country could launch a nuclear strike on Gaza. The controversial remarks caused outrage across the Israeli government, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu suspending Eliyahu indefinitely. During an interview on Sunday with Radio Kol Berama, Eliyahu, who is a member of the far-right Otzma Yehudit party, was asked if Israel could drop an atomic bomb on the Palestinian enclave. The minister replied that “this is one of the possibilities.”[以色列文化遗产部长阿米哈伊·埃利亚胡表示,以色列可能对加沙地带发动核打击。这一有争议的言论激起了以色列政府的愤怒,以色列总理使阿米哈伊·埃利亚胡本雅明·内塔尼亚胡无限期停职。以色列总理内塔尼亚胡21日在接受巴勒斯坦广播电台记者采访时说,以色列是否可以在巴勒斯坦领土上投放原子弹。部长回答说: “这是可能性之一。]
- ^ 90枚核彈頭給以色列底氣? 中國提2要求 : 必須入約、接受IAEA審查 | 國際. Newtalk新闻. 2023-11-27 [2024-04-21]. (原始内容存档于2024-04-21) (中文(台湾)).
- ^ Plushnick-Masti, Ramit. Israel Buys 2 Nuclear-Capable Submarines. The Washington Post. 2006-08-25 [2010-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-10).
- ^ Missile Survey Ballistic and Cruise Missiles of Foreign Countries. [2015-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-18).
- ^ Alon Ben-David. Israel seeks sixth Dolphin in light of Iranian 'threat'. Jane's Defence Weekly. 1 October 2009 [2009-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2009-10-03).
- ^ John Pike. Israel Air Force - Israel. globalsecurity.org. [2015-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-22).
- ^ United Nations Treaty Collection. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Accessed 14 January 2009.
- ^ 1NIE on Israeli Chemical Weapons. scribd.com. [2015-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-06).
- ^ IIBR, Israel, [2015-08-03], (原始内容存档于2012-11-15).
- ^ Cohen, Avner. Israel and Chemical/Biological Weapons: History, Deterrence, and Arms Control (PDF). [2010-04-27]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-06-11).
- ^ Israel says El Al crash chemical 'non-toxic'. BBC. 1998-10-02 [2006-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2003-08-18).
- ^ Stein, Jeff. Debunking the "ethno-bomb". Salon.com. 1998-12-02 [2006-07-11]. (原始内容存档于2006-06-29).
- ^ Membership of the Biological Weapons Convention. United Nations Office At Geneva. [12 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-09).
- ^ Nes Ziyyona. GlobalSecurity.org. April 28, 2005 [2007-02-11]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-16).
Israel is believed to have the capacity to produce chemical warfare agents, and probably has stocks of bombs, rockets, and artillery shells. Public reports that a mustard and nerve gas production facility was established in 1982 in the Dimona restricted area are apparently erroneous. Israel is also probably poised to rapidly produce biological weapons, though there are no public reports of currently active production effort or associated locations.…Israel's primary chemical and biological warfare facility is at Nes Ziyyona [Noss Ziona], near Tel Aviv. The Israeli Institute for Bio-Technology is believed to be the home of both offensive and defensive research.
- ^ Normark, Magnus; Anders Lindblad; Anders Norqvist; Björn Sandström; Louise Waldenström. Israel and WMD: Incentives and Capabilities (PDF). FOI: 38. December 2005 [2007-02-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-02-08).
Israel does not stockpile or produce BW in large-scale today. However, we assess that Israel has a breakout capability for biological weapons and also CW, i.e. the knowledge needed to implement theoretical knowledge into the practical management of production and deployment of CBW. The knowledge base would be the one that was built during the 1950s and 1960s where today’s advanced research can be used to upgrade potential BW and CW agents and their behaviour in the environment. We have not found any conclusive evidence that show that Israel’s offensive programs still remain active today.
外部链接
- * Israel, WMD Overview, Nuclear Threat Initiative, May 2014 [2015-08-03], (原始内容存档于2015-09-18).
- Israeli Nuclear History(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Archival Document Collection at the Wilson Center Digital Archive
- [1](页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Avner Cohen Collection at the Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
- Israel Crosses the Threshold, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 189(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), by Avner Cohen and William Burr, April 28, 2006 (originally published at Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006)
- Bibliography of Israeli Nuclear Science Publications(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Mark Gorwitz, June 2005
- Israeli Nuclear Forces(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2002, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September/October 2002
- The Bomb That Never Is, by Avner Cohen, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2000, Vol 56, No. 3 pp. 22–23
- Israel and the Bomb[2](页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Columbia University press, 1998), including declassified documents.
- Obsessive secrecy undermines democracy(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) By Reuven Pedatzur Ha'aretz. Tuesday, August 8, 2000—Cohen published "Israel and the Bomb" in the United States, and a Hebrew translation of the book has appeared here. In the eyes of the defense establishment, Cohen has committed a double sin.
- Fighting to preserve the tattered veil of secrecy(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) By Ronen Bergman The publication of Dr. Avner Cohen's book and of the Vanunu trial transcripts set off alarm bells for the Defense Ministry's chief of security, who is striving to protect the traditional opacity regarding Israel's nuclear affairs.
- Blast, from the past to the present(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) By Yirmiyahu Yovel Ha'aretz. 28 July 2000—If, in the context of the peace agreements and talks with the United States, Israel were to confirm its nuclear capability - while committing itself to no nuclear testing and pledging to build its defense system on conventional weapons as in the past - maybe then it might achieve at least de facto recognition, if not international legitimacy, for its nuclear weaponry, to be used only as a "last resort" and a tool for safeguarding peace after Israel withdraws.
- The Third Temple's Holy Of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Warner D. Farr, LTC, U.S. Army, September 1999
- Israel: Plutonium Production The Risk Report Volume 2 Number 4 (July–August 1996).
- Israel: Uranium Processing and Enrichment The Risk Report Volume 2 Number 4 (July–August 1996).
- Israel The Nuclear Potential of Individual Countries Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Problems of Extension Appendix 2 Russian Federation Foreign Intelligence Service 6 April 1995
- The Samson Option. Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Seymour M Hersh, [New York: Random House, 1991]