萨德伯里微中子观测站实验室

萨德伯里中微子观测站实验室SNOLAB,简称为“萨实验室”)是位于加拿大安大略省萨德伯里2100米深的矿中的地下物理实验室。原本位于此处的萨德伯里微中子观测站(Sudbury Neutrino Observatory,缩写为SNO)实验计划已结束,但其设施已被扩张成为永久物理实验室。

萨德伯里中微子观测站实验室地面建筑。

萨实验室乃是全世界在地下比较深处的几个实验设施之一。在地下2316米深处果拉尔金矿的粒子实验英语Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields因矿场关闭而于1992年终止运作。[1][2]正在计划中的DUSEL英语Sanford Underground Research Facility实验室也已大幅度缩减,由于国家科学基金会拒绝负担主要开支。[3]2010年开始运作的中国锦屏地下实验室在那时是全世界最深的地下实验室,缈子通量低于0.2 μ/m²/day ,[4]萨实验室的缈子通量为0.27 μ/m²/day。[5] (与之相比,在海平面,缈子通量大约为15 million μ/m²/day。)

虽然与矿坑相连通,实验室本身维持于级别2000标准的洁净室状况,即尺寸不小于1μm的粒子少于2000个每1 m3空气,背景辐射也很低.在其上方有2070 m石头,约6010 米水当量英语meter water equivalent(MWE)的屏蔽,足可挡去大部分的宇宙射线,是设置高灵敏度英语sensitivity (electronics)与超低计数率实验梦寐以求的良好环境。[5]

历史

萨实验已获得重大成功,并且展示出地下深处物理实验室的宝贵价值,很多基础物理问题都可以从在地下深处完成的物理实验获得答案,例如,在太阳内部进行核聚变的状况、中微子的质量、暗物质的探测等等重要问题。2002年,加拿大创新基金会英语Canada Foundation for Innovation批准,将萨观测站扩张成为一所永久性世界级实验研究中心,[6]该实验室分别又在2007年与2008年获得更多资金。[7][8]

实验

 
2014年,正在安装中的DEAP-3600探测器。

在萨实验室里,主要有六个正在进行的物理实验: [9][10]:2

现在(2015年),还有四个实验项目正在兴建中: [9]

另有五个实验项目已按计划圆满达成目标,现已关闭运作:

萨实验室正在考虑添加更多实验计划,例如,下一代冨集氙观测站英语Enriched Xenon Observatory(nEXO)[26][27]:16、探索无中微子双贝他衰变眼镜蛇实验英语COBRA experiment[28]:27、发展圆球形气体探测器来探测暗物质的新圆球实验英语New Experiments With Spheres(NEWS)[29]。萨实验室计划兴建一个更大的PICO-250L气泡室 [10]:44

参考资料

  1. ^ Naba K. Mondal. Status of India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) (PDF). Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad. January 2004, 70 (1): 71–77 [2007-08-28]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-07-09). 
  2. ^ M. R. Krishnaswamy; et al. The Kolar Gold Fields Neutrino Experiment. II. Atmospheric Muons at a Depth of 7000 hg cm-2 (Kolar). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 6 July 1971, 323 (1555): 511–522. JSTOR 78071. 
  3. ^ Pioneer, Wendy Pitlick Black Hills. DUSEL no more. Black Hills Pioneer. [2022-04-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30) (英语). Lesko said the scaled back plans boil down to just one underground research campus. Originally, lab officials planned to build a major surface campus, a science campus 4,850 feet underground that included two lab modules, and a smaller lab module campus 7,400 feet underground. The Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lesko said, focuses on building just one campus at the 4,850-foot level that will host experiments in dark matter, double beta decay, and long baseline neutrino research. 
  4. ^ Wu, Yu-Cheng; Hao, Xi-Qing; Yue, Qian; Li, Yuan-Jing; Cheng, Jian-Ping; Kang, Ke-Jun; Chen, Yun-Hua; Li, Jin; Li, Jian-Min. Measurement of cosmic ray flux in the China JinPing underground laboratory. Chinese Physics C. 2013-08, 37 (8): 086001 [2022-04-21]. Bibcode:2013ChPhC..37h6001W. ISSN 1674-1137. arXiv:1305.0899 . doi:10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/086001. (原始内容存档于2022-04-21). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 SNOLAB User’s Handbook Rev. 2 (PDF): 13, 2006-06-26 [2013-02-01], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04) 
  6. ^ Canada selects 9 projects to lead in international research (新闻稿). Canada Foundation for Innovation. 2002-06-20 [2007-09-21]. [失效链接]
  7. ^ Province Supports Expansion of World's Deepest Lab Administered by Carleton University (新闻稿). Carleton University. 2007-08-21 [2007-09-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-18). 
  8. ^ New Funding will Support Underground Lab Operations as SNOLAB nears Completion (PDF) (新闻稿). SNOLAB. 2008-01-18 [2008-02-26]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Experiments. SNOLAB. [2022-04-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-07) (美国英语). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Noble, Tony. Dark Matter Physics at SNOLAB and Future Prospects (PDF). Fourth International Workshop for the Design of the ANDES Underground Laboratory. 2014-01-31 [2015-10-31]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04). 
  11. ^ Home Page. Helium and Lead Observatory. [2015-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-18). 
  12. ^ DAMIC now running at SNOLAB. 2012-12-10 [2013-05-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-25). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Chavarria, A. E. DAMIC at SNOLAB. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2020-01-01, 1342 (1): 012057 [2022-04-21]. ISSN 1742-6588. arXiv:1407.0347 . doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1342/1/012057. (原始内容存档于2022-04-21). 
  14. ^ COUPP-60 Up and Running at SNOLAB. 2013-05-03 [2013-05-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-25). 
  15. ^ PICO-2L now running at SNOLAB!. 2013-11-04 [2015-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-20). 
  16. ^ PICO experiment: PICO 60. [2015-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-06). 
  17. ^ Field, Louisa. Biggest dark matter detector lies in wait for antisocial WIMPs (3108). 23 April 2015 [2015-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-05). At the end of April, it will join other underground detectors worldwide in the race to find dark matter.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  18. ^ Walding, Joseph. IOP 2013: High Energy and Astrop Particle Physics. Institute of Physics: 3. 2013-04-10 [2013-05-19].  |contribution=被忽略 (帮助)
  19. ^ SNO+. SNOLAB. [2015-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-03). 
  20. ^ Rielage, K.; Akashi-Ronquest, M.; Bodmer, M.; Bourque, R.; Buck, B.; Butcher, A.; Caldwell, T.; Chen, Y.; Coakley, K. Update on the MiniCLEAN Dark Matter Experiment. Physics Procedia. 2015, 61: 144–152 [2022-04-21]. arXiv:1403.4842 . doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.024. (原始内容存档于2022-06-20) (英语). 
  21. ^ Second generation dark matter experiment coming to SNOLAB (新闻稿). SNOLAB. 2014-07-18 [2014-09-18]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30). 
  22. ^ Saab, Tarek. SLAC Summer Institute 2012 (PDF). SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. 2012-08-01 [2012-11-28]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-10-29).  |contribution=被忽略 (帮助)
  23. ^ Behnke, E.; Behnke, J.; Brice, S. J.; Broemmelsiek, D.; Collar, J. I.; Conner, A.; Cooper, P. S.; Crisler, M.; Dahl, C. E. First dark matter search results from a 4-kg CF 3 I bubble chamber operated in a deep underground site. Physical Review D. 2012-09-05, 86 (5): 052001. Bibcode:2012PhRvD..86e2001B. ISSN 1550-7998. arXiv:1204.3094 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.052001. FERMILAB-PUB-12-098-AD-AE-CD-E-PPD (英语). 
  24. ^ Dark matter Experiment with Argon and Pulse-shape discrimination. DEAP-1. [2015-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  25. ^ Smith, Nigel. Advanced Instrumentation Techniques in SNOLAB (PDF). 2015 Canadian Association of Physicists Congress. 17 June 2015 [2015-11-03]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04). 
  26. ^ Sinclair, David. The SNOLAB Science Programme (PDF). 13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics. Asilomar, California. 12 September 2013 [2014-11-21]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-24). 
  27. ^ Pocar, Andrea. Searching for neutrino-less double beta decay with EXO-200 and nEXO (PDF). Neutrino Oscillation Workshop. Otranto. 8 September 2014 [2015-01-10]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23). 
  28. ^ Smith, Nigel J.T., Infrastructure Development for underground labs—SNOLAB experience (PDF), 13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, Asilomar, California, 2013-09-08 [2015-11-04], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-01-25) 
  29. ^ NEWS: New Experiments With Spheres. [2015-08-16]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 

外部链接

46°28.3′N 81°11.2′W / 46.4717°N 81.1867°W / 46.4717; -81.1867 (SNOLAB surface building)