恙螨目
真螨总目的一目节肢动物
恙
绒螨目
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| Trombidium holosericeum | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
| 亚纲： | 蜱螨亚纲 Acari |
| 总目： | 螨形总目 Acariformes |
| 目： | 绒螨目 Trombidiformes Reuter, 1909[1] |
| 亚目 | |
恙螨生活史复杂，可分为七个时期：卵，次卵，幼螨，前若螨，次若螨，三若螨，成螨。幼螨为寄生性，次若螨与成螨为自由生活。以地里恙螨（Leptotrombidium deliense）为例，这个物种从卵到成螨的时间为58-76天[2]所以恙螨只有幼虫为寄生性，若虫及成虫可自由生活；虫卵孵化而成的幼虫体长约0.2-0.3毫米，能吸附在爬虫类、鸟类及哺乳类动物身上，溶解组织做为食物。吃饱后会离开宿主，蜕皮形成若虫，并再次蜕皮成为成虫。
最为人所知的是幼虫为立克次体性疾病/恙虫病的病媒。过去曾在日本大型河川的沙洲或两岸地区流行的典型恙虫病就是由赤虫恙螨所引起的；由于经常在夏季发生，且致死率高，是一种十分恐怖的疾病。而致死率低的恙虫病则是由粗毛恙螨或小盾恙螨等恙螨为病媒。典型恙虫病或新型恙虫病在确诊后均有适当的抗生素可治疗。
由于恙螨中带有立克次体的个体，也有不带有立克次体的个体，因此过去的人认为这些是由患有恙虫病的老鼠，将立克次体传染给恙螨后，恙螨的成虫再将立克次体移行到虫卵，虫卵孵化后的幼虫就会带有立克次体，然后感染老鼠或人类。不过，后来发现，在患有恙虫病的老鼠身上，即使人工寄生未带有立克次体的幼虫，立克次体也不会移行到恙螨之后，现在已经认为立克次体应该是恙螨的共生体[3]。
分类
根据2004年时的分类，本目包括有125个科，超过2.2万个品种[4]；在2011年的最新资料，本目现时包括有151个科，2235个属及25,821个物种，另外还有10个属24个物种是化石种[1]。这151个科可以大致分为以下四个亚目[1]：
- 跳螨亚目 Sphaerolichida OConnor, 1984：下领两个总科
- 前气门亚目（Prostigmata Kramer, 1877）：本目最庞大的分支，下领四个下目、40个总科。
- 内气门亚目 Endeostigmata Reuter, 1909：下领五个总科、十个科、27个属和108个物种，包括一些原属疥螨亚目但在甲螨亚目及无气门小目以外的物种。
- 甲螨亚目（Oribatida van der Hammen, 1968）[5]：又名隐气门亚目（Cryptostigmata），下领五个下目[6][7][8][9]，旧属疥螨目（Sarcoptiformes）[5]。
本目包括以下科：
- Acalyptonotidae
- Acarophenacidae
- Achaemenothrombiidae
- Acherontacaridae
- Acucapitidae
- Adamystidae
- Allochaetophoridae
- Allotanaupodidae
- Amoenacaridae
- Amoenacarus Smith & Cook, 1997
- Amoenacarus dixiensis [10]
- Amoenacarus Smith & Cook, 1997
- Amphotrombiidae
- Amphotrombium Zhang, 1998
- Anisitsiellidae
- Anystidae
- Apheviderulicidae
- Arenohydracaridae
- Arrenuridae
- Astacocrotonidae
- Athienemannidae
- Athienemanniidae
- Africasia K.Viets, 1931
- Anamundamella Cook, 1992
- Athienemannia Viets, 1920
- Bleptomundamella Cook, 2001
- Chelohydracarus Smith, 1998
- Chelohydracarus navarrensis[11]
- Chelomideopsis Romijn, 1920
- Davecookia Harvey, 2003
- Janszoonia Smit, 2007
- Mellamunda Harvey, 1988
- Mundamella Viets, 1913
- Notomundamella Cook, 1986
- Penemundamella Cook, 2001
- Phreatohydracarus Tanasachi & Orghidan, 1955
- Platyhydracarus Smith, 1989
- Plaumannia Lundblad, 1936
- Stygameracarus Smith, 1990
- Stygohydracarus K.H.Viets, 1932
- Athyreacaridae
- Aturidae
- Audyanidae
- Audyana Womersley, 1954
- Axonopsidae
- Bandakiopsidae
- Barbutiidae
- Bdellidae
- Bdella Latreille, 1795
- Bdellodes Oudemans, 1937
- Biscirus Thor, 1913
- Biscuris
- Caenobdella Oudemans, 1936
- Cyta von Heyden
- Hexabdella Van
- Hexabdella Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004
- Hexabdella brevitarsus Hernandes, 2012
- Hexabdella cinquaginta Hernandes, Daud & Feres, 2007
- Hexabdella denheyeri Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004
- Hexabdella maraugia Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004
- Hexabdella mexicana (Baker & Balock, 1944)
- Hexabdella miranda Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004
- Hexabdella persiaensis Paktinat Saeej & Bagheri, 2014[12]
- Hexabdella quercusi Eghbalian, Khanjani, Safaralizadeh & Ueckermann
- Hexabdella singula Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004
- Hexabdella unusoculata Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004
- Hoplomolgus Berlese
- Molgus Dujardin, 1842
- Monotrichobdella Baker & Balock, 1944
- Neobiscirus Gomelauri, 1963
- Neomolgus Oudemans, 1937
- Octobdellodes Atyeo, 1960
- Odontoscirus Thor, 1913
- Polytrichus van Der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann
- Rigibdella Tseng, 1978
- Spinibdella Thor, 1930
- Tetrabdella Hernandes & Feres, 2006
- Trachymolgus Berlese, 1924
- Troglobdella Oudemans, 1938
- Bogatiidae
- Caeculidae
- Caligonellidae
- Calyptostomatidae
- Camerobiidae
- Caraboacaridae
- Chappuisididae
- Cheyletidae
- Cheyletiellidae
- Chulacaridae
- Chyzeriidae
- Cloacaridae
- Cocceupodidae
- Crotalomorphidae
- Cryptognathidae
- Cryptognathiidae
- Ctenothyadidae
- Cunaxidae
- Dasythyreidae
- Demodecidae
- Dendrochaetidae
- Diptilomiopidae
- Dolichocybidae
- Edbakerellidae
- Epimyodicidae
- Ereynetidae
- Eriophyidae
- Eriorhynchidae
- Erythracaridae
- 赤螨科 Erythraeidae
- Eupalopsellidae
- Eupalopsellus Sellnick, 1949
- Eupalopsis Canestrini, 1886
- Exothorhis Summers, 1960
- Peltasellus Smith-Meyer & Ueckermann, 1984
- Saniosulus Summers, 1960
- Eupodidae
- Aethosolenia Baker & Lindquist, 2002
- Benoinyssus Fain, 1958
- Caleupodes Baker, 1987
- Claveupodes Strandtmann & Prasse, 1976
- Cocceupodes Thor, 1934
- Eupodes Koch, 1835
- Hawaiieupodes Strandtmann & Goff, 1978
- Hylotydeus Berlese, 1891
- Linopodes C.L.Koch, 1835
- Neoprotereunetes Fain & Camerik, 1994
- Niveupodes Barilo, 1991
- Palaeotydeus Dubinin, 1962
- Protacarus Hirst, 1923
- Protereunetes Berlese, 1923
- Pseudoeupodes Khaustov, 2014
- Pseudoprotacarus Dubinin, 1962
- Eutrombidiidae
- Eylaidae
- Feltridae
- Feltriidae
- Ferradasiidae
- Frontipodopsidae
- Gretacaridae
- Halacaridae
- Harpagopalpidae
- Harpirhynchidae
- Harpyrhynchidae
- Heterocheyletidae
- Heterocheylidae
- Homocaligidae
- Hungarohydracaridae
- Hydrachnidae
- Hydrodromidae
- Hydrovolziidae
- Hydryphantidae
- Hygrobatidae
- Iolinidae
- Johnstonianidae
- Kantacaridae
- Krendowskiidae
- Labidostommatidae
- Labidostommidae
- Laversiidae
- Lebertiidae
- Leeuwenhoekiidae
- Lethaxonidae
- Limnesiidae
- Limnocharidae
- Linotetranidae
- Lordalycidae
- Malgasacaridae
- Mecognathidae
- Meyerellidae
- Microdispidae
- Microtrombidiidae
- Mideidae
- Mideopsidae
- Momoniidae
- 肉螨科 Myobiidae
- Nasutiacaridae
- Neoacaridae
- Neopygmephoridae
- Neothrombiidae
- Neotrombidiidae
- Nipponacaridae
- Nudomideopsidae
- Omartacaridae
- Oxidae
- Paratydeidae
- Hexatydeus Soliman, 1974
- Paratydeus Baker, 1949
- Scolotydaeus Berlese, 1910
- Scolotydaeus alexanderi (Baker, 1949) Khaustov, 2017
- Scolotydaeus anatolicus[13]
- Scolotydaeus lootsi (Theron et al., 1969) Khaustov, 2017
- Scolotydaeus tauricus (Kuznetsov, 1973) Khaustov, 2017
- Scolotydaeus uralensis Khaustov, 2017
- Scolotydeus Berlese, 1910
- Tanytydeus Theron, Meyer & Ryke, 1970
- Pentapalpidae
- Penthaleidae
- Penthalodidae
- Pezidae
- Phytoptidae
- Piersigiidae
- Pionidae
- Podapolipidae
- Archipolipus Husband, 1971
- Bakerpolipus Husband & Sinha, 1970
- Blaberpolipus Husband & OConnor, 2003
- Buprestapolipus Husband, Ochoa & Naskrecki, 1995
- Cassidopolipus Husband & OConnor, 2014
- Chrysomelobia Regenfuss, 1968
- Coccipolipus Husband, 1972
- Coccipolipus hippodamiae (McDaniel & Moril, 1969)[14]
- Coccipolipus macfarlanei Husband, 1972
- Curculapolipus Husband & Kurosa, 2000
- Cydnipolipus Kurosa & Husband, 1994
- Dilopolipus Husband, 1984
- Dorsipes Regenfuss, 1968
- Eutarsopolipus Berlese, 1913
- Kurosapolipus Husband & Li, 1993
- Locustacarus Ewing, 1924
- Locustipolipus Lo, 1990
- Orthapolipus Husband & Li, 1993
- Ovacarus Stannard & Vaishampayan, 1971
- Panesthipolipus Husband, 1984
- Parobia Seeman & Nahrung, 2003
- Peripolipus Husband, 1984
- Podapolipoides Regenfuss, 1968
- Podapolipus Rovelli & Grassi, 1888
- Regenopolipus Husband, 1986
- Rhinopolipus Husband & Kurosa, 2000
- Rhynchopolipus Husband & Flechtmann, 1972
- Scarabapolipus Husband & Kurosa, 1993
- Silphopolipus Kurosa, Khaustov & Husband, 2004
- Simalurapolipus Kurosa & Husband, 2013
- Stenopolipus Husband, 1984
- Stigmacarus Feldman-Muhsam & Havivi, 1977
- Tarsopolipus Berlese, 1911
- Tenebrapolipus Kurosa & Husband, 2001
- Tetrapolipus Berlese, 1911
- Wetapolipus Husband & Zhang, 2002
- Podothrombiidae
- Pomerantziidae
- Pontarachnidae
- Protziidae
- Pseudocheylidae
- Psorergatidae
- Pterygosomatidae
- Pyemotidae
- Pygmephoridae
- Raphignathidae
- Resinacaridae
- Rhagidiidae
- Rhynchohydracaridae
- Rutripalpidae
- Scutacaridae
- Siteroptidae
- Smarididae
- Smaridiidae
- Sperchontidae
- Sphaerolichidae
- 长须螨科 Stigmaeidae
- Stigmocheylidae
- Strandtmanniidae
- Stygothrombidiidae
- Stygothrombiidae
- Stygotoniidae
- Syringophilidae
- Tanaupodidae
- Tarsocheylidae
- Tarsonemidae
- Teneriffiidae
- Tenuipalpidae
- Teratothyadidae
- Teratothyasidae
- Tetranychidae
- Teutoniidae
- Thermacaridae
- Torrenticolidae
- Triasacaridae
- Triophtydeidae
- Trochometridiidae
- Trombellidae
- 恙螨科 Trombiculidae
- Trombidiidae
- 杜克螨科 Tuckerellidae
- 杜克螨属 Tuckerella Womersley, 1940
- Tydeidae
- Uchidastygacaridae
- Unionicolidae
- Wettinidae
- Xenocaligonellididae
- Yurebillidae
- Zelandothyadidae
- Australiothyas Cook, 1986
- Zelandothyas Cook, 1985
- 科的地位未定的属：
- Amblyceropsis Kumar, 2004
- Megameropsis Gourret, 1887
- Megameropsis aquensis Gourret, 1887
- Pseudopachygnathus Gourret, 1887
- Pseudopachygnathus maculatus Gourret, 1887
参看
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zhang, Zhi-Qiang; Fan, Qing-Hai; Pesic, Vladimir; Smit, Harry; Bochkov, Andre V.; Khaustov, A. A.; Baker, Anne; Wohltmann, Andreas; Wen, Tinghuan; Amrine, James W.; Beron, P.; Lin, Jianzhen; Gabrys, Grzegorz; Husband, Robert. Order Trombidiformes Reuter, 1909 (PDF). Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Magnolia Press. 2011: 129–147 [2015-12-09]. ISBN 9781869778491. （原始内容存档于2015-12-22） （英语）.
|journal=被忽略 (帮助);|issue=被忽略 (帮助) - ^ 王锡杰. 恙蟲病病媒之種類與生態 (PDF). 卫生署疾病管制局研究检验中心. 2012-05-22 [2021-09-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-09-27） （中文（繁体））.
- ^ {长谷川英男. 绘图解说寄生虫的世界.台北市: 晨星.2018年09月: 154. ISBN 9789-8644-347-6}
- ^ David Evans Walker. Hidden in Plain Sight: Mites in the Canopy. Margaret Lowman, H. Bruce Rinker (编). Forest Canopies. Physiological Ecology Series 2nd. Academic Press. 2004: 224–241. ISBN 9780124575530.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 乔文娟. 我国小赫甲螨科系统分类研究.pdf. 内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文 (内蒙古师范大学). 2011: 105页 [2016-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04） （中文（简体））.
- ^ HEINRICH SCHATZ, VALERIE M. BEHAN-PELLETIER, BARRY M. OCONNOR & ROY A. NORTON. Suborder Oribatida van der Hammen, 1968 (PDF). Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Magnolia Press. 2011: 141–148 [2015-12-09]. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. ISSN 1175-5334. （原始内容存档于2015-12-22） （英语）.
|journal=被忽略 (帮助);|issue=被忽略 (帮助) - ^ Lindquist et al. (2009)
- ^ Norton and Behan-Pelletier (2009)
- ^ OConnor, B.M. Astigmatina. Chapter 16. Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (编). A Manual of Acarology 3rd Edition. Lubbock: Texas Tech. University Press. 2009: pp. 565–657.
- ^ Ian M. Smith & David R. Cook (1997) Description of Amoenacarus dixiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., and proposal of Amoenacaridae fam. nov. (Acari: Hydrachnida: Arrenuroidea), International Journal of Acarology, 23:2, 107-112, DOI: 10.1080/01647959708683106
- ^ Ian M. Smith (1998) Chelohydracarus navarrensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Acari: Hydrachnida: Athienemanniidae), International Journal of Acarology, 24:4, 327-330, DOI: 10.1080/01647959808683599
- ^ Saeed Paktinat Saeej, Mohammad Bagheri, Alireza Saboori & Edward A. Ueckermann (2014) Hexabdella persiaensis sp. nov. (Acari: Prostigmata: Bdellidae) as a first new species of the genus Hexabdella from Asia, International Journal of Acarology, 40:5, 384-389, DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2014.928366
- ^ Güldem Dönel [email protected] , Owen D. Seeman [email protected] & Salíh Doğan [email protected] (2012) The first Paratydeidae (Trombidiformes: Paratydeoidea) in Turkey: Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., International Journal of Acarology, 38:5, 436-444, DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2012.669527
- ^ Coccipolipus hippodamiae. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-15）.
