大分流

大分流（英语：Great Divergence）是芝加哥大学历史系教授彭慕兰提出的一个历史学名词，指的是西方世界在19世纪克服了增长限制，超越了以前占主导地位或类似的中东和亚洲文明，如清朝(中国)、莫卧儿帝国(印度)、奥斯曼帝国(土耳其)、萨非王朝(伊朗)、和江户幕府(日本)等东方国家的一段历史时期。^[2]

关于大分流发生的原因，学者们提出了各种各样的理论，涉及因素包括地理、文化、制度、殖民主义、侵略、资源、以及“历史的偶然”等。^[3] 许多学者认为，大分流发生的时间是18世纪英国的工业革命时期，但也有学者认为可以追溯到更早以前，例如发生商业革命，导致重商主义和资本主义的兴起的文艺复兴和地理大发现时期、或者欧洲殖民帝国兴起的前全球化与科学革命时期，或者启蒙时代等。“传统观点”，有时也被认为是相对一致的观点认为，^[4]^[5]^[6] 大分流应该发生在产业革命之前的1750年，此时的欧洲各国超过了中国、日本以及中东。^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] 但“加利福尼亚学派”的“修正主义”观点认为，大分流应该开始于产业革命发生后的1800年左右。^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] 大分流造成的差距在20世纪的第一次世界大战前达到顶峰，并一直保持到20世纪70年代早期，在之后的两个十年间，随着大多数发展中国家的经济增长率显著高于发达国家，大分流也在80年代末被大融合所取代。^[16]

在大分流期间，在铁路、汽船、采矿和农业等领域的技术进步在西方比东方更受欢迎。技术导致农业、贸易、燃料和资源领域的工业化和经济复杂性增加，进一步使东西方分离。西欧在19世纪中期使用煤炭作为木材的能源替代品，使其在现代能源生产中占得重要先机。^{[来源请求]}

参见

参考文献

^ Maddison 2007，第382页，Table A.7.
^ Bassino, Jean-Pascal; Broadberry, Stephen; Fukao, Kyoji; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Takashima, Masanori. Japan and the great divergence, 730–1874 (PDF). Explorations in Economic History. 2018-12-01, 72: 1–22. ISSN 0014-4983. S2CID 134669975. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.005. hdl:10086/29758 （英语）.
^ Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction | Robert C. Allen | 9780199596652 | Oxford University Press Canada. www.oupcanada.com. 2011 [2018-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）. Why has the world become increasingly unequal? Both 'fundamentals' like geography, institutions, or culture and 'accidents of history' played a role.
^ pseudoerasmus. The Little Divergence. pseudoerasmus. 2014-06-12 [2017-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-01）.
^ Business History, the Great Divergence and the Great Convergence. HBS Working Knowledge. 2017-08-01 [2017-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-01）（美国英语）.
^ Vries, Peer. Escaping Poverty. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）.
^ Broadberry, Stephen N.; Guan, Hanhui; Li, David D. China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980–1850. 2017-04-01. SSRN 2957511  .
^ China has been poorer than Europe longer than the party thinks. The Economist. 2017-06-15 [2017-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-21）.
^ Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya. The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500–18001 (PDF). The Economic History Review (Submitted manuscript). 2006-02-01, 59 (1): 2–31 [2019-09-01]. ISSN 1468-0289. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2005.00331.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-01）（英语）.
^ Koyama, Mark. Jared Rubin: Rulers, religion, and riches: Why the West got rich and the Middle East did not?. Public Choice. 2017-06-15, 172 (3–4): 549–552. ISSN 0048-5829. doi:10.1007/s11127-017-0464-6 （英语）.
^ Bassino, Jean-Pascal; Broadberry, Stephen; Fukao, Kyoji; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Takashima, Masanori. Japan and the great divergence, 730–1874 (PDF). Explorations in Economic History. 2018-12-01, 72: 1–22 [2019-09-01]. ISSN 0014-4983. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.005. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-01）（英语）.
^ Pomeranz 2000.
^ Hobson 2004.
^ Paul Bairoch. Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. 1995: 101–108 [2019-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）.
^ Goldstone, Jack A. The Great and Little Divergence: Where Lies the True Onset of Modern Economic Growth?. Rochester, NY. 2015-04-26. SSRN 2599287  .
^ Jack Goldstone et al. Phases of global demographic transition correlate with phases of the Great Divergence and Great Convergence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Volume 95, June 2015, Page 163 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

[FOOTNOTEMaddison2007382Table_A.7-1] Maddison 2007，第382页，Table A.7.

[:132-2] Bassino, Jean-Pascal; Broadberry, Stephen; Fukao, Kyoji; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Takashima, Masanori. Japan and the great divergence, 730–1874 (PDF). Explorations in Economic History. 2018-12-01, 72: 1–22. ISSN 0014-4983. S2CID 134669975. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.005. hdl:10086/29758 （英语）.

[:10-3] Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction | Robert C. Allen | 9780199596652 | Oxford University Press Canada. www.oupcanada.com. 2011 [2018-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）. Why has the world become increasingly unequal? Both 'fundamentals' like geography, institutions, or culture and 'accidents of history' played a role.

[4] seudoerasmus. The Little Divergence. pseudoerasmus. 2014-06-12 [2017-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-01）.

[5] Business History, the Great Divergence and the Great Convergence. HBS Working Knowledge. 2017-08-01 [2017-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-01）（美国英语）.

[6] Vries, Peer. Escaping Poverty. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）.

[:1-7] Broadberry, Stephen N.; Guan, Hanhui; Li, David D. China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980–1850. 2017-04-01. SSRN 2957511  .

[:3-8] China has been poorer than Europe longer than the party thinks. The Economist. 2017-06-15 [2017-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-21）.

[:5-9] Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya. The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500–18001 (PDF). The Economic History Review (Submitted manuscript). 2006-02-01, 59 (1): 2–31 [2019-09-01]. ISSN 1468-0289. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2005.00331.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-01）（英语）.

[:6-10] Koyama, Mark. Jared Rubin: Rulers, religion, and riches: Why the West got rich and the Middle East did not?. Public Choice. 2017-06-15, 172 (3–4): 549–552. ISSN 0048-5829. doi:10.1007/s11127-017-0464-6 （英语）.

[:13-11] Bassino, Jean-Pascal; Broadberry, Stephen; Fukao, Kyoji; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Takashima, Masanori. Japan and the great divergence, 730–1874 (PDF). Explorations in Economic History. 2018-12-01, 72: 1–22 [2019-09-01]. ISSN 0014-4983. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.005. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-01）（英语）.

[FOOTNOTEPomeranz2000-12] Pomeranz 2000.

[FOOTNOTEHobson2004-13] Hobson 2004.

[:7-14] Paul Bairoch. Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. 1995: 101–108 [2019-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）.

[15] Goldstone, Jack A. The Great and Little Divergence: Where Lies the True Onset of Modern Economic Growth?. Rochester, NY. 2015-04-26. SSRN 2599287  .

[16] Jack Goldstone et al. Phases of global demographic transition correlate with phases of the Great Divergence and Great Convergence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Volume 95, June 2015, Page 163 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

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