User:Zhaixudong/草稿/西班牙语不规则动词
西班牙语动词是西班牙语语法一个复杂的区域,许多组合的时间、方式和情绪(第个动词多至五十多种变位形式)。 虽然变位的规则是相对直接的,有大量的动词是不规则的。 其中有些属于多或少的定义偏差模式,而另一些则是独特的不规则。这篇文章总结了共同的不规则的模式。
拼写变化
由于西班牙语正写法的规则,某些可预测的变化都需要保持同样的辅音之前, a/o 和 e/i,但这些并不是通常被认为是违规行为。 下述例子使用第一人称复数本虚拟的:
- c/qu: tocar > toquemos, delinquir > delincamos.
- z/c: gozar > gocemos, vencer > venzamos.
- g/j: proteger > protejamos. But in verbs ending in -jar, the j is kept before e: mojar > mojemos.
- g/gu: negar > neguemos, distinguir > distingamos.
- gu/gü: averiguar > averigüemos.
Other predictable changes involve stress marks, i/y alternances and i-dropping, some of which are sometimes considered as irregularities. The examples are several forms of otherwise regular preterites:
- Stress mark on stressed i after a/e/o: caer > caímos, leer > leímos, oír > oímos.
- Stress mark not used in monosyllabic forms: liar > lie, lio; ver > vi, vio. However, the forms lié and lió, fié and fió, guié and guió, and crié and crió can also be written with the accent mark by writers who pronounce these forms as bisyllabic.[1] But this option is not available for vio).
- Unstressed i is written y between vowels: caer > cayó, cayeron.
- Unstressed i is dropped between ll/ñ and a vowel: bullir > bulló (not *bullió"), tañer > tañó.
词根元音变化
有两种类型的变化可能影响干的元音的一些西班牙语动词: diphthongization 和 元提高的。 这两个变化影响 -e- 或是 -o- 在最后一个(或)音节的词干。 Diphthongization变化 -e- 来 -ie-和 -o- 对 -ue-的。 韵母抚养的变化 中元音 e 和 o 的相应 高音: 我- 和 -u- 分别。 一些动词,在他们的各种形式,可以表现出这两种变化(例如 [[wikt:{{{1}}}#Spanish|{{{1}}}]]
, {{{1}}}]], {{{1}}}]]; {{{1}}}]], {{{1}}}]], {{{1}}}]]条)。
双元音
Some verbs with -e- or -o- in their stem are inherently diphthongizing, whereas others are not: their identities must be learned individually. In a diphthongizing verb, the change turns -e- into -ie- and -o- into -ue- when the syllable in question is stressed, which in effect happens only in the singular persons and third-person plural of the present indicative and present subjunctive, and in the imperative (all other tenses and forms are stressed on their endings, not their stems). Note that the dictionary form always has the vowel, not the diphthong, because, in the infinitive form, the stress is on the ending, not the stem. Exceptionally, the -u- of jugar and the -i- of adquirir also are subject to diphthongization (juega, etc.; adquiere, etc.).
In word-initial position, *ie- is written ye- (errar > yerro) and *ue- is written hue- (oler > huele). Also, the -ue- diphthong is written -üe- after g, with the diaeresis to indicate that the letter is not silent (avergonzarse > me avergüenzo).
以下例子显示,所有三个词(-ar, er,和 红外 的动词)包括一些diphthongizing动词(只有一些时间和人员都显示,对比的目的):
现在时陈述语气
Verbs | Yo | Tú | Vos | Él / Ella / Usted | Nosotros / Nosotras | Vosotros / Vosotras | Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pensar | pienso | piensas | pensás | piensa | pensamos | pensáis | piensan |
contar | cuento | cuentas | contás | cuenta | contamos | contáis | cuentan |
perder | pierdo | pierdes | perdés | pierde | perdemos | perdéis | pierden |
moler | muelo | mueles | molés | muele | molemos | moléis | muelen |
oler | huelo | hueles | olés | huele | olemos | oléis | huelen |
sentir | siento | sientes | sentís | siente | sentimos | sentís | sienten |
dormir | duermo | duermes | dormís | duerme | dormimos | dormís | duermen |
现在时虚拟语气
Verbs | Yo | Tú | Vos (*) | Él / Ella / Usted | Nosotros / Nosotras | Vosotros / Vosotras | Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pensar | piense | pienses | pienses / pensés | piense | pensemos | penséis | piensen |
contar | cuente | cuentes | cuentes / contés | cuente | contemos | contéis | cuenten |
perder | pierda | pierdas | pierdas / perdás | pierda | perdamos | perdáis | pierdan |
moler | muela | muelas | muelas / molás | muela | molamos | moláis | muelan |
oler | huela | huelas | huelas / olás | huela | olamos | oláis | huelan |
sentir | sienta | sientas | sientas / sintás | sienta | sintamos | sintáis | sientan |
dormir | duerma | duermas | duermas / durmás | duerma | durmamos | durmáis | duerman |
(*)在中美洲 pensés, contés,等等。 使用引用错误:<ref>
标签中未填内容的引用必须填写name属性 但是,西班牙皇家学院规定 pienses, cuentes等, 根据 Rioplatense西班牙语的。
祈使语气
Verbs | Tú | Vos | Vosotros / Vosotras | Usted |
---|---|---|---|---|
pensar | piensa | pensá | pensad (*) | piense |
contar | cuenta | contá | contad (*) | cuente |
perder | pierde | perdé | perded (*) | pierda |
moler | muele | molé | moled (*) | muela |
oler | huele | olé | oled (*) | huela |
sentir | siente | sentí | sentid (*) | sienta |
dormir | duerme | dormí | dormid (*) | duerma |
- (*)只用西班牙。 正式的动词的复数形式,必须结束在 -d,但在口语使用的最常见的偶结束 -r : pensar,contar,等等。
注意 sentir 和 这家 还经历 的元音识的。 另外diphthongizing动词包括 acordar(se), divertir(se), doler时, 开始与,, encontrar, entender, llover, morir, mostrar,可 移动器, poder, probar, querer, recordar, sentar(se), 特纳, venir, 掌,并 volver的。
许多动 -e- 或是 -o- 在根本做 不是 替代。 常见的非diphthongizing动词包括 acercar(se), 放机, 后起之秀中, comprar, conocer, 掷的, creer, deber, dejar, entrar, esperar, lamentar, llegar中, 执时, 计时, parecer, poner, prometer, quedar, regresar中, 应答的, suceder, 特梅,并 tomar的。
不太频繁的动词的这种往往是源的的错误,对于儿童学习,也为一些成年人:
- rebosar → 哟*rebue所以, él*rebuesa... 而不是 哟rebo因此,él rebosa...
元音提升
元音提升出现在动词的第三种变位(-ir动词),and in this group it affects dormir, morir, podrir (alternative of the more common pudrir) 和几乎所有词根的最后元音中包含 -e-的动词(如:sentir, repetir);例外情况包括cernir、discernir和concernir(所有三元音)。
受影响的形式
The forms that exhibit the change can be described negatively as those in which the stem vowel is not diphthongized and the ending does not contain stressed /í/[2] or the /ir/ sequence. In other words, vowel raising affects the forms whose endings do not contain an i which is not part of a diphthong, taking into account that diphthongizing overrides vowel raising.
In effect, for diphthongizing verbs (e.g. sentir, dormir), the vowel-raising forms are:
- the first-person and second-person plural of the present subjunctive (sintamos, sintáis, durmamos, durmáis);
- the gerund (sintiendo, durmiendo);
- the third-person singular and plural of the preterite (sintió, sintieron, durmió, durmieron);
- all forms of the imperfect subjunctive (sintiera/sintiese..., durmiera/durmiese...) and of the future subjunctive (sintiere..., durmiere...).
For non-diphthongizing verbs (e.g. pedir) it affects these same forms (pidamos, pidáis, pidiendo, pidió, pidieron, pidiera...), plus:
- in the present indicative, all singular forms and the third-person plural (pido, pides, pide, piden);
- the remaining forms of the present subjunctive (pida, pidas, pidan);
- the tú form of the imperative (pide).
The forms which do not undergo either diphthongizing or vowel raising are:
- the first-person and second-person plural of the present indicative (sentimos, sentís), because these forms have stressed /í/ in their endings.
- the infinitive (sentir), past participle (sentido), imperfect indicative (sentía...) and the vos and vosotros/as forms of the imperative (sentí, sentid), for the same reason.
- the future (sentiré...) and conditional (sentiría...), whose endings contain the /ir/ sequence.
受影响的动词
Verbs which are diphthongizing and vowel-raising include:
- 以-entir结尾的(sentir, mentir, arrepentirse...) and -ertir (convertir, advertir...);
- 以-erir结尾的 (herir、requerir、preferir、digerir……),除了aterir;
- venir及其派生动词(convenir、prevenir……) in the gerund (viniendo...), as the rest of forms undergo other overriding irregularities.
- dormir和morir。
The diphthongizing -er verb poder exceptionally undergoes vowel rising in the gerund (pudiendo), but the first- and second-person plural of the present subjunctive are regular (podamos, podáis).
Non-diphthongizing vowel-rising verbs include:
- those ending in -edir (medir, pedir, despedir...), -etir (competir, repetir) and -egir (corregir, elegir...; note forms with j before a/o such as corrijo, corrija).
- those ending in -eír (reír, sonreír, freír, desleír). Double i that would result is simplified (rieron, not *riieron or *riyeron). Note that stressed i in contact with a/e/o must take an acute accent (río, ríe, ría) but monosyllabic forms of the preterite do not have it (rio, riais, but rió and riáis also valid if you pronounce them in two syllables).
- those ending in -eñir (teñir, ceñir...). Note that unstressed i between ñ and a vowel is dropped (tiñendo, tiñó, tiñeron, tiñera...).
- decir and derived verbs (bendecir, predecir...), in the forms that do not undergo other overriding irregularities.
- embestir.
- podrir. Note that the affected forms are equal to those derived from the more usual infinitive pudrir, which is regular except in the past participle podrido.
The vowel-raising verb erguir is usually diphthongizing (with ye- forms as yergo...), not-diphthongizing forms are however valid but rare (irgo...).
双元音和间断
Cambio 与 envío
双元音 的无限可以保留在整个共轭或破碎的形式,强调在干,取决于是否 我 或 u 接触 a/e/o 采取的压力或没有。 强调元的标志是大胆的实例: cambiar > c个mbio,但 enviar > env'o (需要一个尖锐的口音来表示造成 的沉寂). 在 实Academia Española 不考虑行为不规则的,但说明了每个有六个"定期"的模型,每一个可能的双元音在不定: anunciar,averiguar,bailar,causar,peinar 和 adeudar 为双元音-保留动词和 enviar,actuar,aislar,aunar,descafeinar 和 rehusar 为双元音-打破的。 记住,存在沉默 h 不会破坏双元音,这样一个书面的口音是需要无论如何在 reh→使用。
所有的动词结束 -瓜 是双元音-保持,以及 saciar, desairar, restaurar 和 reinar的。 请注意,两个dipththongs保持在 desahuciar > des一hucio (再次 -h- 没有差别),而下这两个 anunciar 和 causar 模型。
双元音-破坏的动词包括 ahincar,aislar,aunar,aullar,maullar,aupar,aliar,vaciar,contrariar,evaluar,habituar,reunir的。 动词 criar,fiar,guiar,骗子 和 piar 也是双元音-打破(cr'o、古'e),但当的压力,落在结局得到的形式是一般认为,单音节词,这样写没有口音: crie的,外商投资企业,guiais,lieis.... 尽管如此,可以按照经常加重的规则,如果宣布这些形式为bisyllabic: crié,guiáis...
以-uir和-oír结尾的动词
All verbs ending in -uir (e.g. construir, disminuir, distribuir) add a medial -y- before all endings not starting with i: construyo, construyes, construya... Taking into account that these verbs also undergo the change of unstressed intervocalic i to y (see orthographical changes above), they have many forms containing y.
This also applies to the forms of oír and desoír that do not undergo the -ig- change: oyes, oye, oyen
Again, note that some regular forms of fluir, fruir and huir are written without stress mark if considered monosyllabic, but may bear it if pronounced as bisyllabic: vosotros huis or huís (present), yo hui or huí (preterite).
注意,在逻辑上argüir加上y的时侯,将失去没有意义的分音符:arguyo、arguyó……
其他常见的不规则模式
er/ir动词,结尾为o/a的变化
在er和ir动词中,第一人称单数的一般陈述语和一般虚拟语气,是仅有的以o/a结尾的变化,用e/i代替。这两种不同拼读环境使拉丁语形式演变成不同的很多词,导致违规行为。 注意:
- 每当第一人称单称的一般时陈述句有一个不规则而不是双元音,但仍然是结束在 -o,整个本虚拟共享相同的违规行为:
- hacer > hago, haga...
- lucir > luzco, luzca...
- caber > quepo, quepa...
- ver > veo, vea...; prever > preveo, prevea...
- 当第一个奇异的本指示并没有结束 -o,本虚拟语气也是不规则的,但在一个不同的方式:
- ser > soy, sea...
- ir > voy, vaya...
- haber > he, haya
- saber > sé, sepa...
G动词
在o(第一人称单数的陈述语气一般时)与a之前(所有人称的虚拟语气一般时),所谓G动词(有时也叫“go动词”或“yo-go”动词)在l和n后面(也在asir的s后面)添加一个中间的-g-,当词根结尾是元音添加-ig-,或是用-g-替代-c-。注意,这个变化“废弃”了双元音(tener, venir)但与元音提升(decir)“组合”。许多这些动作在其它方法也不规则。例如:
- salir: yo salgo, tú sales...
- valer: yo valgo, tú vales...
- poner: yo pongo, tú pones...
- tener: yo tengo, tú tienes...
- venir: yo vengo , tú vienes...
- caer: yo caigo, tú caes...
- traer: yo traigo, tú traes...
- oír: yo oigo, tú oyes...
- hacer: yo hago, tú haces...
- decir: yo digo, tú dices...
- asir: yo asgo, tú ases...
ZC动词
这个小组的动词—它起源于拉丁 加的动词 ,但现在包括其他的动词作为良好的替代品 -zc- 干-最后 -c- 之前 o 和 a. 该小组成员包括几乎所有的动词结束 -宏 (除 hacer 和衍生的动词), -ecer (除 mecer 和 remecer), -ocer (除 cocer 和衍生的动词),以及 -ucir的。 例如:
- nacer: yo nazco, tú naces...
- crecer: yo crezco, tú creces...
- conocer: yo conozco, tú conoces...
- producir: yo produzco, tú produces...
Yacer may alternatively be conjugated with -zc- (yazco), -g- (yago) or a compromise -zg- (yazgo).
在过去时和衍生的时态异常词干
一些动词(包括大多G动词)在过去时中有一个完全不同的词干。这些词干非常老,经常能够在拉丁语中找到。同样的不规则词干也能在虚拟未完成时(在-ra和-se的形式中)和虚拟将来时中出现。词干的异常因为:
- they are stressed in the first and third persons singular, ending in unstressed -e and -o respectively (while in all other cases the preterite gets the stress over the suffix).
- the rest of the endings are the usual for -er/-ir verbs even for the -ar verbs estar and andar.
- in the verbs with -je preterite (conducir, decir, traer...) 在j和一个元音之间的非重音的i消失:ellos trajeron, yo trajera... Note that this doesn't happen with regular or vowel-raising -ger/-jer/-gir/-jir verbs (proteger > protegieron, tejer > tejieron, corregir > corrigieron, crujir > crujieron).
- estar → estuv-: yo estuve, tú/vos estuviste(s), él estuvo..., ellos estuvieron; yo estuviera...
- andar → anduv-: yo anduve, tú/vos anduviste(s), él anduvo..., ellos anduvieron; yo anduviera...
- tener → tuv-: yo tuve, tú/vos tuviste(s), él tuvo..., ellos tuvieron; yo tuviera...
- haber → hub-: yo hube, tú/vos hubiste(s), él hubo..., ellos hubieron; yo hubiera...
- caber → cup-: yo cupe, tú/vos cupiste(s), él cupo..., ellos cupieron; yo cupiera...
- saber → sup-: yo supe, tú/vos supiste(s), él supo..., ellos supieron; yo supiera...
- venir → vin-: yo vine, tú/vos viniste(s), él vino..., ellos vinieron; yo viniera...
- poder → pud-: yo pude, tú/vos pudiste(s), él pudo..., ellos pudieron; yo pudiera...
- poner → pus-: yo puse, tú/vos pusiste(s), él puso..., ellos pusieron; yo pusiera...
- hacer → hic-/hiz-: yo hice, tú/vos hiciste(s), él hizo..., ellos hicieron; yo hiciera...
- reducir → reduj-: yo reduje, tu/vos redujiste(s), él redujo.., ellos condujeron; yo condujera...
- decir → dij-: yo dije, tú/vos dijiste(s), él dijo..., ellos dijeron; yo dijera...
不规则的过去分词
一些动词有不规则的过去分词,有时被称为"强有力",因为变化是在根源,而不是一个结局。 这包括动词,这是不规则在许多其他方面,如 poner 和 decir,但对其他一些动词,这是他们唯一的不规范(例如 abrir, 裤),同时一些很不规则动词( ser 和 ir)有定期的过去分词。 实例:
- abrir → abierto, morir → muerto, volver → vuelto,以 式和过多的环境居住的动 → devuelto...
- 裤 → roto, escribir → escrito...
- ver → visto, prever → previsto, poner → 卫生站,以 componer → compuesto...
- hacer → hecho, rehacer → rehecho, decir → dicho, predecir → predicho (但 bendecir → bendecido, maldecir → maldecido)...
- pudrir → podrido的。
有三个动词,有定期的和不规则的过去分词。 两种形式都可使用的当缀的化合物时态和被动语音辅助动词 haber 和 ser,但不规则的形式通常是唯一一个使用作为一个形容词:
- freír → 他freído 或 他菲多利,但 帕帕斯fritas的。
- imprimir → 他imprimido 或 他impreso,但 假证件的该公司的。
- proveer → 他proveído 或 他provisto, una棚萨bien普罗维斯塔 远远更多的通常比 una棚萨bien proveída的。
一些其他的"强有力"的过去分词,例如 pinto, ducho, electo,而其他一些已经过时,对一般的使用,但是偶尔使用西班牙(以及在较小程度上在 西班牙美国)当中,受过教育的、风格-意识的作家,或在语言上的之乎者也如谚语(refranes).
其他
动词ser(to be)和ir(to go)both exhibit irregularities in the present, imperfect and preterite forms. Together with ver (to see) and prever (to foresee), they are the only four verbs with irregular imperfect indicative. Their tú imperative forms are sé, ve (for both ir and ver, although mirar is more common than ver in commands) and prevé. Their vos imperative forms are sé, andá (the verb andar replaces ir), ve and prevé.
现在时陈述语气 | 祈使语气 | 过去时 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ser | ir | ver | prever | ser | ir | ver | prever | ser/ir | ver | prever | ||||
yo | soy | voy | veo | preveo | era | iba | veía | preveía | fui | vi | preví | |||
tú | eres | vas | ves | prevés | eras | ibas | veías | preveías | fuiste | viste | previste | |||
vos | sos | |||||||||||||
él, ella | es | va | ve | prevé | era | iba | veía | preveía | fue | vio | previó | |||
nosotros/as | somos | vamos | vemos | prevemos | éramos | íbamos | veíamos | preveíamos | fuimos | vimos | previmos | |||
vosotros/as | sois | vais | veis | prevéis | erais | ibais | veíais | preveíais | fuisteis | visteis | previsteis | |||
ellos/as | son | van | ven | prevén | eran | iban | veían | preveían | fueron | vieron | previeron |
Remember that whenever the preterite is irregular, the imperfect subjunctive (-ra and -se forms) and the dated future subjunctive (-re) share the same irregularity; indeed, these tenses may always be correctly formed by substituting the appropriate endings for the -ron ending of the third person plural preterite: fueron > fuera/fuese,...; fuere....
The verbs dar (to give) and estar (to be) both exhibit irregularities in the present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be stressed (in dar the stem is just d-, in estar it was originally st-). The form dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition de. Both verbs are also irregular in the preterite and derived tenses: dar follows the pattern of regular -er/-ir verbs, while estar has an anomalous preterite stem and follows the corresponding common pattern:
现在时陈述语气 | 现在时虚拟语气 | 过去时 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dar | estar | dar | estar | dar | estar | ||||
yo | doy | estoy | dé | esté | di | estuve | |||
tú, vos | das | estás | des | estés | diste | estuviste | |||
él, ella | da | está | dé | esté | dio | estuvo | |||
nosotros/as | damos | estamos | demos | estemos | dimos | estuvimos | |||
vosotros/as | dais | estáis | deis | estéis | disteis | estuvisteis | |||
ellos/as | dan | están | den | estén | dieron | estuvieron |
参考文献
- ^ Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, "tilde"2. n.1.2.
- ^ Terrell, Tracy D., and Salgués de Cargill, Maruxa, Lingüística aplicada a la enseñanza del español a anglohablantes (New York: Wiley, 1979), p. 97.
外部链接
- 词典的西班牙皇家学院的。 它设有一个 Conjugar 按钮在每个动词的条目。
- Onoma 西班牙文原形的。 它提供的信息有关的违规行为,并结合物发明的动词。
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[[Category:各語言動詞]]