民主逆差

當表面上民主的組織或機構（特別是政府）在其實踐或運作中未能實現民主原則時，就會出現民主赤字，而代議制和相關的議會誠信得到廣泛討論。^[1]

1977年 Young European Federalists 首次使用民主赤字一詞。^[2] David Marquand 在 1979年也使用了這個短語，指的是當時的歐洲經濟共同體，即歐盟的前身。^[3]

該詞彙意指表面上運作被定位成民主的組織或機構（特別指的是政府），其運作或實踐已無法滿足基層的需要，民主所產生的代表與人民之間的鴻溝持續擴大，人民在民主機制上亦形疏離，對決策無力，參與感降低，反映在現實中就是投票熱情的急速衰退，民主體制出現了入（民意流入）不敷出（決策產出）的逆差稱之。^[4]

参见

^ Sanford V. Levinson, How the United States Constitution Contributes to the Democratic Deficit in America, 55 Drake Law Review 859 (2007).
^ Richard. The first use of the term "democratic deficit". Federal Union. 1977-10-10 [2023-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-23）（英国英语）.
^ Marquand, David. Parliament for Europe . Cape. 1979: 64. ISBN 978-0-224-01716-9. The resulting 'democratic deficit' would not be acceptable in a Community committed to democratic principles. Chalmers, Damian; et al. European Union law: text and materials. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 64. ISBN 978-0-521-52741-5. 'Democratic deficit' is a term coined in 1979 by the British political scientist . . . David Marquand . Meny, Yves. De La Democratie En Europe: Old Concepts and New Challenges. Journal of Common Market Studies. 2003, 41: 1–13. S2CID 154742986. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.t01-1-00408. Since David Marquand coined his famous phrase 'democratic deficit' to describe the functioning of the European Community, the debate has raged about the extent and content of this deficit.
^ Chomsky, Noam. Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy. Penguin Books Limited. 2007-03-29. ISBN 978-0-14-192521-9 （英语）.

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