昼夜节律
晝夜節律(英語:circadian rhythm)又称日夜節律、近日节律[1]、概日節律[2][3]、日變節律[4]、生理時鐘(physiological clock),是一種生理現象,以內源性、持續的,呈現以約24小時為周期的變動;由日變時鐘(circadian clock)所驅動。晝夜節律已在動物、植物、真菌和藍菌中被廣泛觀察到,並且有證據表明它們在每個生物界中獨立進化[5][6]。
英语 circadian 源自拉丁语 circa,為大約、大概的意思;拉丁语 diem 是一天、一日之意。合起來,在字面上的意思,是大約一天。
昼夜振荡器(circadian oscillator)则是驱动昼夜节律的中枢机制,使生物的生理节律与昼夜周期相一致,以近24小时为周期而振荡的节律,由基因产物作用于基因启动子所组成的反馈回路或其他反馈回路。
历史
1729 年,法国科学家让-雅克·多尔图·德迈朗在一篇科学论文中首次描述了内源性昼夜节律。他注意到,即使在没有外部刺激的情况下,日本含羞草植物的叶子也会继续以大约 24 小时的模式移动(睡眠运动)。 [7][8]
1962年,德国人尤金·阿绍夫(Jürgen Aschoff)自己在无光状态下度过了大约一周的时间。研究表明,人类昼夜节律,包括睡眠-觉醒、核心体温和尿液中甾体激素,都被证明周期比24小时更长,接近25小时。 [9]。然而,随后使用各种实验条件的研究表明,虽然每个人的昼夜节律不同,但平均周期为24小时10分钟。 [10][11]
对动物的重要性
昼夜节律存在于动物(包括人类)的睡眠和进食模式中。核心体温、脑电波活动、激素产生、细胞再生和其他生物活动也有明显的模式。此外,光週期現象,即生物体对白天或夜晚长度的生理反应,对植物和动物都至关重要,昼夜节律系统在测量和解释日长方面发挥着作用。及时预测季节性的天气状况、食物供应或捕食者活动对许多物种的生存至关重要。虽然不是唯一的参数,但光周期(日长)的变化长度是预测生理和行为季节性时间的最有预测性的环境线索,最显著的是迁徙、冬眠和繁殖的时间[12]。
社会与文化
2017年,来自美国的三位遗传学家杰弗理·霍尔(Jeffrey Hall)、迈克尔·罗斯巴希(Michael Rosbash)和迈克尔·扬(Michael Young)因“发现控制昼夜节律的分子机制”而共同赢得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖[13][14]。
昼夜节律被视为科学知识转移到公共领域的一个例子[15]。
相關條目
参考文献
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- ^ 陳榮傑。「不同亮暗間歇對大鼠日變節律性與基因表達的影響」。碩士論文,慈濟大學神經科學研究所,2006。<https://hdl.handle.net/11296/puv322>。
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- ^ Young MW, Kay SA. Time zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks. Nature Reviews. Genetics. September 2001, 2 (9): 702–715. PMID 11533719. S2CID 13286388. doi:10.1038/35088576.
- ^ de Mairan JJ. Observation Botanique. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. 1729: 35–36.
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- ^ Aschoff, Jürgen. Circadian Rhythms in Man: A self-sustained oscillator with an inherent frequency underlies human 24-hour periodicity. Science. 1965-06-11, 148 (3676): 1427–1432 [2024-08-17]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.148.3676.1427. (原始内容存档于2023-03-05) (英语).
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- ^ Blue light has a dark side (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Harvard Health Publication, 2015,9,2
- ^ [不可靠的醫學來源?] Zivkovic BC. Clock Tutorial #16: Photoperiodism – Models and Experimental Approaches (original work from 2005-08-13). A Blog Around the Clock. ScienceBlogs. 2007-07-25 [2007-12-09]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-01).
- ^ Cha AE. Nobel in physiology, medicine awarded to three Americans for discovery of 'clock genes'. The Washington Post. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-03).
- ^ The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release. The Nobel Foundation. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-11).
- ^ Benjakob O, Aviram R. A Clockwork Wikipedia: From a Broad Perspective to a Case Study. Journal of Biological Rhythms. June 2018, 33 (3): 233–244. PMID 29665713. S2CID 4933390. doi:10.1177/0748730418768120 .
延伸閱讀
- Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
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- Avivi, A.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Albrecht, U.; Nevo, E. Circadian genes in a blind subterranean mammal II: conservation and uniqueness of the three Period homologs in the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2002, 99 (18): 11718–23. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911718A. PMC 129335 . PMID 12193657. doi:10.1073/pnas.182423299.
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