半開前不圓唇元音
半開前不圓唇元音是母音的一種,用於一些語言當中,國際音標以⟨ɛ⟩代表此音,而X-SAMPA音標則以⟨E⟩代表此音。
半開前不圓唇元音 | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɛ | |||
IPA編號 | 303 | ||
編碼 | |||
HTML碼(十進制) | ɛ | ||
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+025B | ||
X-SAMPA音標 | E | ||
ASCII音標 | E | ||
IPA盲文 | |||
| |||
音頻範例 | |||
特徵
- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。
各語言使用表
语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
阿拉伯语 | 参见Imāla | ||||
亚美尼亚语 | 东亚美尼亚语[1] | էջ/ēǰ | [ɛd͡ʒ] | 页 | |
巴伐利亚语 | 阿姆施泰滕方言[2] | [比如?] | 一般记作⟨æ⟩。 | ||
孟加拉语[3] | এক/ek | [ɛk] | 一 | 参见孟加拉语音系 | |
保加利亚语[4] | пет/pet | [pɛt̪] | 五 | 参见保加利亚语音系 | |
缅语[5] | မေ/me | [mɛ] | 母亲 | ||
加泰罗尼亚语[6] | mel | [mɛɫ] | 蜜 | 参见加泰罗尼亚语音系 | |
汉语 | 标准汉语[7] | 天 / tiān | ⓘ | 天 | 元音高度介于中到开,取决于使用者。参见现代标准汉语音系 |
楚瓦什语 | ҫепĕç | ['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ] | 温柔 | ||
捷克语[8][9] | led | [lɛt] | 冰 | 在波西米亚捷克语中这个元音介于半开前元音[ɛ]、半开次前元音[ɛ̠]和中次前元音[ɛ̝̈]间。[8]参见捷克語音系 | |
丹麦语 | 标准音[10][11] | frisk | [ˈfʁɛsk] | 新鲜 | 一般记作⟨æ⟩。参见丹麦语音系 |
荷兰语 | 标准音[12] | bed | ⓘ | 床 | 参见荷兰语音系 |
The Hague[13] | jij | ⓘ | 你 | 和标准音[ɛi]对应。 | |
英语 | 美国英语[14] | bed | ⓘ | 床 | |
北英格兰英语[15] | 或许有低化。[15] | ||||
标准英音[16][17] | 老派使用者用更闭的[e̞]。参见英语音系 | ||||
苏格兰英语[18] | |||||
考克尼[19] | fat | [fɛt] | 胖 | ||
新加坡英语[20] | |||||
新西兰英语[21] | 参见新西兰英语 | ||||
一些 南非英语白读使用者[22] |
其他使用者将其读作[æ]或[a]。参见南非英语音系 | ||||
贝尔法斯特英语[23] | days | [dɛːz] | 天 | 在闭音节是[iə];和标准英音[eɪ]对应。 | |
祖鲁英语[24] | mate | [mɛt] | 同伴 | 使用者避免met-mate合流。 | |
法罗语[25] | frekt | [fɹɛʰkt] | 贪婪 | 参见法罗语音系 | |
法语[26][27] | bête | ⓘ | 野兽 | 参见法语音系 | |
加利西亚语 | ferro | [ˈfɛro̝] | 铁 | 参见加利西亚语音系 | |
格鲁吉亚语[28] | გედი/gedi | [ɡɛdi] | 天鹅 | ||
德语 | 标准德语[29][30] | Bett | ⓘ | 床 | Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[31]参见标准德语音系 |
弗兰肯方言[32] | oder | [ˈoːdɛ] | 或 | 取代[ɐ]使用。[32]参见标准德语音系 | |
北部滨海方言[32] | |||||
施瓦本口音[33] | fett | [fɛt] | 胖 | 和半闭元音[e]对立。[33]参见标准德语音系 | |
瑞士西部方言[34] | See | [z̥ɛː] | 湖 | 其它口音是半闭元音[eː];和次开元音[æː]对立。[35] 参见标准德语音系 | |
印度斯坦语 | 印地语 | रहना | [ˈɾɛɦna] | 留下 | 参见印度斯坦语音系 |
乌尔都语 | رہنا | ||||
意大利语[36] | bene | ⓘ | 好 | 参见意大利語音系 | |
Kaingang[37] | mbre | [ˈᵐbɾɛ] | 与 | ||
韩语 | 매미 / maemi | [mɛːmi] | 蝉 | 参见韩语音系 | |
库尔德语 | 北库尔德语 | hevde | [hɛvdɛ] | 十七 | 参见库尔德语音系 |
中库尔德语 | ههڤده/hevda | [hɛvdæ] | |||
南库尔德语 | [hɛvda] | ||||
林堡语[38][39][40] | crème | [kʀ̝ɛːm] | 泡沫 | 例词来自马斯特里赫特方言。 | |
立陶宛语 | mesti | [mɛs̪t̪ɪ] | 扔 | 参见立陶宛语音系 | |
下索布语[41] | serp | [s̪ɛrp] | 镰刀 | ||
卢森堡语[42] | Stär | [ʃtɛːɐ̯] | 星 | /eː/在/ʀ/前的同位异音。[42]参见卢森堡语音系 | |
马其顿语[43][44] | 标准音 | мед/med | [ˈmɛd̪] | 蜂蜜 | 参见马其顿语音系 |
挪威语 | Sognamål[45] | pest | [pʰɛst] | 瘟疫 | 参见挪威语音系 |
波兰语[46] | ten | ⓘ | 这个 | 参见波兰语音系 | |
葡萄牙语 | 主要方言[47][48] | pé | [ˈpɛ] | 脚 | 重读元音是更低的[æ]。presence and use of 其他非重读⟨e⟩同位异音,如[e̞ e ɪ i ɨ]据方言变化。 |
部分使用者[49] | tempo | [ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu] | 时间 | 鼻化元音音质的不同主要在欧洲葡萄牙语中保存。参见葡萄牙語音系 | |
罗马尼亚语 | 特兰西瓦尼亚方言[50] | vede | [ˈvɛɟe] | (他)看 | 和标准罗马尼亚语中元音[e̞]对应。参见罗马尼亚语音系 |
俄语[51] | это/eto | ⓘ | 这 | 参见俄语音系 | |
Shiwiar[52] | [比如?] | /a/的同位异音。 | |||
斯洛文尼亚语 | met | [mɛ́t] | 参见斯洛文尼亚语音系 | ||
西班牙语 | 东安达卢西亚西班牙语[53] | las madres | [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] | 母亲们 | 和其他方言[e̞]对应,但在这些方言里它们是独立的。参见西班牙語音系 |
穆尔西亚地区西班牙语[53] | |||||
斯瓦西里语 | shule | [ʃulɛ] | 学校 | ||
瑞典语 | 中央标准音[54] | ät | [ɛ̠ːt̪] | 请吃 | 有些后移。[54]参见瑞典語音系 |
壮语 | 北部方言 | sep | [θɛːp7] | 辣痛 | |
南部方言 | hep | [hɛːp7] | 沙哑 | ||
泰语 | แตร / trae | [trɛː˧] | 号角 | ||
土耳其语[55][56] | ülke | [y̠l̠ˈcɛ] | 国家 | /e/的"词尾"[55]或"只出现在词组的末开音节"的同位异音。[56]参见土耳其語音系 | |
Twi | ɛyɛ | 这是好的 | |||
乌克兰语[57] | день/den' | [dɛnʲ] | 一天 | 参见乌克兰語音系 | |
上索布语[41][58] | čelo | [ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ] | 小牛 | 参见上索布语音系 | |
威尔士语 | nesaf | [nɛsav] | 下一个 | 参见威尔士语音系 | |
西弗里西亚语[59] | beppe | [ˈbɛpə] | 祖母 | 参见西弗里西亚语 | |
约鲁巴语[60] | ẹsẹ̀ | [ɛ̄sɛ] | 腿 |
註釋
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009),第13頁.
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290頁)
- ^ Khan (2010),第222頁.
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999),第56頁.
- ^ Watkins (2001),第292–293頁.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),第54頁.
- ^ Lin (2007),第65頁.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Dankovičová (1999),第72頁.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012),第228頁.
- ^ Grønnum (1998),第100頁.
- ^ Basbøll (2005),第45頁.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992),第47頁.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003),第136頁.
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Lodge (2009),第163頁.
- ^ Schmitt (2007),第322–323頁.
- ^ Received Pronunciation. British Library. [2013-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006),第7頁.
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979),第35頁.
- ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
- ^ Lanham (1967),第9頁.
- ^ Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland (PDF). [2013-05-26]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-12).
- ^ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English. [2008-05-17]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-17).
- ^ Árnason (2011),第68, 75頁.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993),第73頁.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013),第225頁.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006),第261–262頁.
- ^ Hall (2003),第82, 107頁.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第34頁.
- ^ Kohler (1999),第87頁.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第40頁.
- ^ 33.0 33.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64頁.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第65頁.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第34, 65頁.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),第119頁.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009),第676–677, 682頁.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),第159頁.
- ^ Peters (2006),第119頁.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007),第221頁.
- ^ 41.0 41.1 Stone (2002),第600頁.
- ^ 42.0 42.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013),第70頁.
- ^ Friedman (2001:10頁)
- ^ Lunt (1952:10–11頁)
- ^ Haugen (2004),第30頁.
- ^ Jassem (2003),第105頁.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第91頁.
- ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira (PDF). [2021-01-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-15).
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (PDF). [2021-01-11]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-03-06).
- ^ Pop (1938),第29頁.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969),第41頁.
- ^ Fast Mowitz (1975),第2頁.
- ^ 53.0 53.1 Zamora Vicente (1967),第?頁.
- ^ 54.0 54.1 Engstrand (1999),第140頁.
- ^ 55.0 55.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005),第10頁.
- ^ 56.0 56.1 Zimmer & Orgun (1999),第155頁.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),第4頁.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984),第20頁.
- ^ Tiersma (1999),第10頁.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969),第166頁.
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