血管收縮素

血管收縮素（Angiotensin），亦稱血管緊張素、血管緊縮素、血管張力素，是一種寡肽類激素，是腎素-血管收縮素系統（renin-angiotensin system）的重要組成部分。血管收縮素能引起血管收縮，升高血壓；促進腎上腺皮質釋放醛固酮。它也具有很強的致渴作用。血管收縮素的前體是由肝臟合成的一種血清球蛋白：血管收縮素原。血管收縮素最早於20世紀30年代末由美國印第安納和阿根廷的研究人員分別獨立分離，並被分別命名為Angiotonin和Hypertensin，後來被美國克利夫蘭診所和瑞士巴塞爾的汽巴實驗室（Ciba Laboratories）描述併合成。

血管收縮素原（絲胺酸蛋白酶抑制劑）
有效結構 PDB 直系同源檢索：PDBe, RCSB PDB查詢代碼列表 1N9U, 1N9V, 2JP8, 2WXW, 2X0B
標識
代號	AGT; ANHU; FLJ92595; FLJ97926; SERPINA8
擴展標識	遺傳學：106150 鼠基因：87963 同源基因：14 GeneCards: AGT Gene
基因本體論描述 分子功能 · serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity · hormone activity · hormone activity · protein binding · growth factor activity · acetyltransferase activator activity · type 1 angiotensin receptor binding · type 2 angiotensin receptor binding 細胞成分 · extracellular region · extracellular region · extracellular region · extracellular space · extracellular space · extracellular space · soluble fraction · cytoplasmic part 生物過程 · ovarian follicle rupture · regulation of cell growth · blood vessel development · positive regulation of cytokine production · kidney development · blood vessel remodeling · angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure · renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure · regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin · renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production · regulation of renal output by angiotensin · regulation of blood vessel size by renin-angiotensin · brain renin-angiotensin system · cellular sodium ion homeostasis · cell-matrix adhesion · G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway · G-protein signaling, coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger · activation of phospholipase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway coupled to IP3 second messenger · nitric oxide mediated signal transduction · cell-cell signaling · excretion · establishment of blood-nerve barrier · regulation of blood pressure · negative regulation of cell proliferation · response to cold · response to salt stress · positive regulation of activation of JAK2 kinase activity · positive regulation of endothelial cell migration · positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy · positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation · positive regulation of cholesterol esterification · negative regulation of endopeptidase activity · regulation of norepinephrine secretion · positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade · response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation · regulation of vasoconstriction · regulation of proteolysis · extracellular matrix organization · negative regulation of cell growth · peristalsis · positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process · positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity · low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling · positive regulation of multicellular organism growth · regulation of cell proliferation · hormone metabolic process · drinking behavior · positive regulation of apoptosis · positive regulation of catalytic activity · positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade · negative regulation of neuron apoptosis · cellular lipid metabolic process · positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process · positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway · positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent · positive regulation of organ growth · astrocyte activation · positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation · regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity · smooth muscle cell proliferation · positive regulation of inflammatory response · positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation · positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity · smooth muscle cell differentiation · negative regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway · positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity · positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis · positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA表達模式
更多表達數據
直系同源體
物種	人類	小鼠
Entrez	183	11606
Ensembl	ENSG00000135744	ENSMUSG00000031980
UniProt	P01019	Q3UTR7
mRNA序列	NM_000029.3	NM_007428.3
蛋白序列	NP_000020.1	NP_031454.3
基因位置	Chr 1: 230.84 – 230.85 Mb	Chr 8: 127.08 – 127.09 Mb
PubMed查詢	[1]	[2]

前體及種類

血管收縮素的轉化及受體

血管收縮素原

血管收縮素原是一種主要由肝臟持續合成並釋放入血液循環的α-2球蛋白。它屬於絲胺酸蛋白酶抑制物超家族（serine protease inhibitors，serpin），雖然就目前所知它不能抑制任何酶的活性。皮質激素、雌激素、甲狀腺素和血管收縮素II可增高血漿血管收縮素原含量。

血管收縮素原是腎素的受質。

人血管收縮素原包含452個胺基酸殘基，而其他物種的血管收縮素原大小有所不同。它的N-端12個胺基酸殘基由於關係到其活性而最為重要。

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile

血管收縮素Ⅰ

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu

血管收縮素Ⅰ由腎素作用於血管收縮素原形成。腎素能催化血管收縮素原白胺酸（Leu）與纈胺酸（Val）間的肽鍵水解產生十肽血管收縮素I；

血管收縮素Ⅰ基本沒有生物學活性，而是作為血管收縮素Ⅱ的前體存在。

血管收縮素Ⅱ

主條目：血管收縮素II

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe | His-Leu

血管收縮素I經血管收縮素Ⅰ轉化酶剪切C-末端兩個胺基酸殘基而形成血管收縮素Ⅱ。血管收縮素II是一種可通過內分泌、自分泌/旁分泌以及胞內分泌發揮作用的激素。

血管收縮素Ⅱ通過血管收縮素酶降解為血管收縮素Ⅲ，其在循環系統的半衰期約為30秒，而在組織中最長可達15至30分鐘。

血管收縮素Ⅲ

Asp | Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe

相比較血管收縮素Ⅱ而言，血管收縮素Ⅲ（七肽）仍具有40%的升壓活性和100%的促醛固酮分泌活性。

血管收縮素Ⅳ

Arg | Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe

血管收縮素Ⅳ（六肽）與血管收縮素Ⅲ相似，而活性更低。

血管收縮素-(1-9)

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His |-Leu

血管收縮素-(1-7)

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro|-Phe

延伸閲讀

• de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T. International union of pharmacology. XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors. Pharmacological Reviews. September 2000, 52 (3): 415–72. PMID 10977869. 
• Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed., Saunders, 2004.
• Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 3rd Ed., CV Mosby Company, 1990.
• Review of Medical Physiology, 20th Ed., William F. Ganong, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
• Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 5th ed., Burton David Rose & Theodore W. Post McGraw-Hill, 2001
• Lees KR, MacFadyen RJ, Doig JK, Reid JL. Role of angiotensin in the extravascular system. Journal of Human Hypertension. August 1993,. 7 Suppl 2: S7–12. PMID 8230088. 
• Weir MR, Dzau VJ. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: a specific target for hypertension management. American Journal of Hypertension. December 1999, 12 (12 Pt 3): 205S–213S. PMID 10619573. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00103-X. 
• Berry C, Touyz R, Dominiczak AF, Webb RC, Johns DG. Angiotensin receptors: signaling, vascular pathophysiology, and interactions with ceramide. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. December 2001, 281 (6): H2337–65. PMID 11709400. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.6.H2337. 
• Sernia C. A critical appraisal of the intrinsic pancreatic angiotensin-generating system. Journal of the Pancreas. January 2001, 2 (1): 50–5. PMID 11862023. 
• Varagic J, Frohlich ED. Local cardiac renin-angiotensin system: hypertension and cardiac failure. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. November 2002, 34 (11): 1435–42. PMID 12431442. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2002.2075. 
• Wolf G. Role of reactive oxygen species in angiotensin II-mediated renal growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2006, 7 (9–10): 1337–45. PMID 16115039. doi:10.1089/ars.2005.7.1337. 
• Cazaubon S, Deshayes F, Couraud PO, Nahmias C. [Endothelin-1, angiotensin II and cancer]. Médecine/Sciences. April 2006, 22 (4): 416–22. PMID 16597412. doi:10.1051/medsci/2006224416. 
• Ariza AC, Bobadilla NA, Halhali A. [Endothelin 1 and angiotensin II in preeeclampsia]. Revista de Investigacion Clinica; Organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion. 2007, 59 (1): 48–56. PMID 17569300. 

參見

• 腎素-血管收縮素系統
• 腎素
• 血管收縮素轉化酶
• 血管收縮素受體

外部連結

• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.953 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• 醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Angiotensins
• Human AGT genome location and AGT gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• PDB中UniProt可用的所有結構資訊之概述：P01019 (Angiotensin) 在PDBe-KB。

Template:Angiotensin receptor modulators