維加鳥科

維加鳥科; 化石時期：白堊紀晚期–古新世早期 73–61.6 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	維加鳥屬的想像圖
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
演化支：	齒雁類 Odontoanserae
演化支：	雁形類 Anserimorphae
目：	†維加鳥目 Vegaviiformes; Worthy et al., 2017
科：	†維加鳥科 Vegaviidae; Agnolín et al., 2017
屬
	†新潛鳥屬 Neogaeornis？; †極地鳥屬 Polarornis; †南鳥屬 Australornis？; †馬阿奎鳥屬 Maaqwi？; †維加鳥屬 Vegavis;

維加鳥科（學名：Vegaviidae）是雁形類（Anserimorph）演化樹基部的一個演化支，生存於白堊紀晚期至古新世早期，其化石出土於加拿大^[1]、智利、紐西蘭與南極洲等地^[2]，包括維加鳥屬、極地鳥屬、南鳥屬、新潛鳥屬與馬威鳥屬等鳥類。

研究歷史

極地鳥屬與新潛鳥屬過去因腿部特徵而被認為是潛鳥的基群^[3]^[4]^[5]，但也有許多人反對此觀點^[6]^[7]。2017年，Agnolín等人將此兩者與維加鳥屬和南鳥屬歸為同一類群，即維加鳥科，維加鳥科在演化樹上位於雁形類的基部，意即為雁形類冠群（雁形目）的姊妹群，成功跨越了白堊紀－古近紀界線而未於白堊紀結束時滅絕，另外論文中也指出這些鳥類均分布於岡瓦納大陸^[2]。同年另一篇論文則認為維加鳥科可能是冠恐鳥形目的姊妹群^[8]；此外該年還有另一篇論文發表了出土於加拿大的水生鳥類化石馬威鳥屬，將其也歸入維加鳥科，並主張維加鳥科是扇尾類的基群^[1]。

2018年，傑拉爾德·梅爾（英語：Gerald Mayr）對維加鳥科的分類提出質疑，他指出維加鳥屬與極地鳥屬因股骨與脛跗骨特徵接近，可能確實屬於同一類群，但其他三個屬的歸屬則無充分證據支持，也無證據支持維加鳥科和雁形目的關係^[9] 。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Sandy M. S. McLachlan; Gary W. Kaiser; Nicholas R. Longrich. Maaqwi cascadensis: A large, marine diving bird (Avialae: Ornithurae) from the Upper Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2017, 12 (12): e0189473. PMC 5722380  . PMID 29220405. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189473.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Agnolín, F.L.; Egli, F.B.; Chatterjee, S.; Marsà, J.A.G. Vegaviidae, a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary. The Science of Nature. 2017, 104 (87): 87. PMID 28988276. doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1508-y.
^ Olson, S. (1992). "Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht, a Cretaceous loon from Chile (Aves, Gaviidae)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(1): 122-124.
^ Hope, S. (2002). "The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes." Pp. 339-388 in Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L. (eds.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs.
^ Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche, Javier N. Gelfo, New Antarctic findings of Upper Cretaceous and lower Eocene loons (Aves: Gaviiformes), Annales de Paléontologie Volume 101, Issue 4, October–December 2015, Pages 315–324
^ Feduccia, A. (1999). The Origin and Evolution of Birds. 2nd edition. Yale University Press.
^ Mayr, G. 2004. "A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content." Journal of Ornithology 145: 281–286. doi:10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9 PDf fulltext （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ Worthy, T.H.; Degrange, F.J.; Handley, W.D.; Lee, M.S.Y. The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres). Royal Society Open Science. 2017, 11 [2020-05-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-30）.
^ Mayr, G.; De Pietri, V.L.; Scofield, R.P.; Worthy, T.H. On the taxonomic composition and phylogenetic affinities of the recently proposed clade Vegaviidae Agnolín et al., 2017 ‒ neornithine birds from the Upper Cretaceous of the Southern Hemisphere). Cretaceous Research. 2018, 86: 178–185. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.02.013.

[sandyetal2017-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Sandy M. S. McLachlan; Gary W. Kaiser; Nicholas R. Longrich. Maaqwi cascadensis: A large, marine diving bird (Avialae: Ornithurae) from the Upper Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2017, 12 (12): e0189473. PMC 5722380  . PMID 29220405. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189473.

[agnolínetal2017-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Agnolín, F.L.; Egli, F.B.; Chatterjee, S.; Marsà, J.A.G. Vegaviidae, a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary. The Science of Nature. 2017, 104 (87): 87. PMID 28988276. doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1508-y.

[olson1992-3] Olson, S. (1992). "Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht, a Cretaceous loon from Chile (Aves, Gaviidae)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(1): 122-124.

[hope2002-4] Hope, S. (2002). "The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes." Pp. 339-388 in Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L. (eds.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs.

[5] Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche, Javier N. Gelfo, New Antarctic findings of Upper Cretaceous and lower Eocene loons (Aves: Gaviiformes), Annales de Paléontologie Volume 101, Issue 4, October–December 2015, Pages 315–324

[feduccia1999-6] Feduccia, A. (1999). The Origin and Evolution of Birds. 2nd edition. Yale University Press.

[mayr2004-7] Mayr, G. 2004. "A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content." Journal of Ornithology 145: 281–286. doi:10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9 PDf fulltext （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[worthyetal2017-8] Worthy, T.H.; Degrange, F.J.; Handley, W.D.; Lee, M.S.Y. The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres). Royal Society Open Science. 2017, 11 [2020-05-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-30）.

[mayretal2018-9] Mayr, G.; De Pietri, V.L.; Scofield, R.P.; Worthy, T.H. On the taxonomic composition and phylogenetic affinities of the recently proposed clade Vegaviidae Agnolín et al., 2017 ‒ neornithine birds from the Upper Cretaceous of the Southern Hemisphere). Cretaceous Research. 2018, 86: 178–185. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.02.013.

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