安娜·科穆寧娜
安娜·科穆寧娜（希臘語：Ἄννα Κομνηνή，1083年12月1日—1153年），東羅馬帝國皇帝阿歷克塞一世的女兒，也是歐洲歷史上最早的女性歷史學家之一，她根據父親阿歷克塞一世的一生著有《阿歷克塞傳》，這是研究拜占庭帝國歷史的重要史料之一。
| 安娜·科穆寧娜 | |
|---|---|
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| 出生 | 1083年12月1日 君士坦丁堡大皇宮紫色寢宮 |
| 逝世 | 1153年 君士坦丁堡滿聖寵者誕神女修道院 |
| 配偶 | 小尼基弗魯斯·布林尼烏斯 |
| 子嗣 | 阿歷克塞·科穆寧 約翰·杜卡斯 伊琳娜·杜卡伊娜 瑪利亞·布林奈娜·科穆寧娜 |
| 王朝 | 科穆寧家族 |
| 父親 | 阿歷克塞一世 |
| 母親 | 伊琳娜·杜卡伊娜 |
生平
安娜·科穆寧娜1083年出生於君士坦丁堡的紫色寢宮中。在其早年的生活中，安娜接受到了良好的教育，她學習了文學、修辭和科學，飽讀古希臘哲學，還在導師的幫助下學習了歷史、醫學、天文學，數學。
其父阿歷克塞一世最初選定米海爾七世的兒子君士坦丁·杜卡斯為其繼承人，並讓他與安娜定下了婚約。但後來長子約翰出生，王位繼承權就轉給了約翰。君士坦丁·杜卡斯去世之後，1097年，安娜與尼基弗魯斯·布林尼烏斯結婚，安娜與皇后伊琳娜開始出來反對阿歷克塞一世的繼承人計劃。安娜與皇后試圖說服阿歷克塞一世將皇位轉讓給布林尼烏斯，但阿歷克塞一世還是設法將皇位傳給約翰，而約翰也靠著自己的能力保住了皇位繼承人的位置。於是安娜開始策劃反對其弟弟的陰謀，後來陰謀敗露，安娜被迫退出政爭。在退出宮廷鬥爭之後，安娜專心於歷史的研究，並仿照古代的風格寫出了《阿歷克塞傳》。南斯拉夫的拜占庭歷史研究者奧斯特洛格爾斯基評價這本書是「拜占庭人文主義的傑出見證」[1]，並且為後世研究拜占庭歷史提供了寶貴的材料。
注釋
- ^ 奧斯特洛格爾斯基《拜占庭國家史》299頁
資料來源
一手資料
- Niketas Choniates, O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates (Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1984)
- Anna Comnena (2001). Dawes, Elizabeth A., ed. "The Alexiad （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）." The Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
- Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, translated by E.R.A. Sewter, ed. Peter Frankopan, (New York: Penguin, 2009)
- Georgios Tornikes, 'An unpublished funeral oration on Anna Comnena', English translation by Robert Browning, in Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and Their Influence, ed. R. Sorabji (New York: Cornell University Press, 1990)
二手資料
- Carolyn R. Connor, Women of Byzantium (Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004)
- Dalven, Rae (1972). Anna Comnena. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.
- Frankopan, Peter (2002). "Perception and Projection of Prejudice: Anna Comnena, the Alexiad, and the First Crusade." Chapter 5 in Edgington, Susan B.; Lambert, Sarah. Gendering the Crusades. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Gouma-Peterson, Thalia. "Gender and Power: Passages to the Maternal in Anna Komnene's Alexiad." In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia. Anna Komnene and Her Times. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 107-125. ISBN 0815336454
- Hanawalt, Emily Albu (1982). "Anna Komnene". In Strayer, Joseph R. ed. The Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 303-304. ISBN 0684167603
- Hill, Barbara (2000). "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Anna Komnene's Attempted Usurpation". In Gouma-Peterson, Thaila. Anna Komnene and Her Times. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 45-62. ISBN 0815336454
- Jongh, Suzanne Wittek-De (1953). "Le César Nicéphore Byennois, l'historien, et sese ascendants". Byzantion. 23: 463-468., cited in Dion C. Smythe (2006), Garland, Lynda ed. "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene's Alexiad". Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800-1200. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited. ISBN 9780754657378
- Lynda Garland & Stephen Rapp, "Maria 『of Alania』: Woman & Empress Between Two Worlds," Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience, ed. Lynda Garland, (New Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006). ISBN 9780754657378
- Kahzdan, Alexander. Komnene, Anna. 亞歷山大·卡日丹 (編). 牛津拜占庭辭典. 牛津: 牛津大學出版社. 1991. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Angeliki Laiou, "Introduction: Why Anna Komnene?" Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson, (New York: Garland, 2000). ISBN 0815336454.
- Larmour, David (2004). Margolis, Nadia; Wilson, Katherina M., eds. "Comnene, Anna". Women in the Middle Ages: an encyclopedia. 1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 203-205. ISBN 0313330174.
- Macrides, Ruth (2000). "The Pen and the Sword: Who Wrote the Alexiad?." In Gouma-Peterson, Thaila. Anna Komnene and Her Times. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 63-82. ISBN 0815336454
- Neville, Leonora (2016). Anna Komnene: the life and work of a medieval historian. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190498177.
- Reinsch, Diether R. (2000). "Women’s Literature in Byzantium?—The Case of Anna Komnene." Translated from German by Thomas Dunlap. In Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
- Dion C. Smythe, "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene’s Alexiad," Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800-1200, ed. Lynda Garland, (New Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006). ISBN 9780754657378.
Baynes, T.S. (編), Anna Comnena, Encyclopædia Britannica 2 9th, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: 59–60, 1878- Chisholm, Hugh (編). Anna Comnena. Encyclopædia Britannica 2 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 59. 1911.
- Shahan, Thomas Joseph. Anna Comnena. 天主教百科全書. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
延伸閱讀
- Georgina Buckler, Anna Comnena: A Study, Oxford University Press, 1929. ISBN 0-19-821471-5
- Anna Comnena, The Alexiad （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, translated by Elizabeth A. Dawes in 1928
- Anna Comnena, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, edited and translated by E.R.A. Sewter. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. (This print version uses more idiomatic English, has more extensive notes, and mistakes).
- John France, "Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）", Reading Medieval Studies v.9 (1983)
- Ed. Kurtz, 'Unedierte Texte aus der Zeit des Kaisers Johannes Komnenos, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift 16 (1907): 69–119 (Greek text of Anna Comnene’s testament)
- Thalia Gouma-Peterson (ed.), Anna Komnene and her Times, New York: Garland, 2000. ISBN 0-8153-3851-1.
- Jonathan Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0
- Barbara Hill, "Actions speak louder than words: Anna Komnene’s attempted usurpation," in Anna Komnene and her times (2000): 46–47.
- Levin, Carole, et al. Extraordinary Women of the Medieval and Renaissance World. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
- Magoulias, Harry J. (編). O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 1984 [2018-06-08]. ISBN 978-0-8143-1764-8. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-24）. 5–6.
- Ellen Quandahl and Susan C. Jarratt, "'To recall him…will be a subject of lamentation': Anna Comnene as rhetorical historiographer" in Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric (2008): 301–335.
- Vlada Stankovíc, "Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna Komnene and Konstantios Doukas. A Story of Different Perspectives," in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (2007): 174.
- Paul Stephenson, "Anna Comnena's Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade?", Journal of Medieval History v. 29 (2003)
- Dion C. Smythe, "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene’s Alexiad," in Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience (2006): 125–127.
- Dion C. Symthe, "Outsiders by taxis perceptions of non-conformity eleventh and twelfth-century literature," in Byzantinische Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Byzantinistik (1997): 241.
- Varzos, Konstantinos. Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. 1984 （希臘語）.[永久失效連結]
- Anna Comnena. 新國際百科全書. 1905.
- Anna Comnena. The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
外部連結
- Female Heroes From The Time of the Crusades: Anna Comnena.1999. Women in World History. 12 Dec 2006. <http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine5.html （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）>.
- English and Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）