2023年加拿大野火

火灾

2023年加拿大野火是指自2023年3月起在加拿大持续发生的一系列野火。6月27日,加拿大方面表示,2023年成为加拿大有史以来野火最严重的一年[4]。至2023年7月,本次野火已超越2020年美国西部野火,成为北美历史上有记录以来最严重的一次野火季[5]

2023年加拿大野火
地点加拿大(所有13个省和地区)[1]
统计
总火灾数5,849[2](截至2023年8月21日)
总面积15.050 × 106 ha(37.19 × 106 acre)[2](截至2023年8月21日)
日期2023年3月1日
死亡5
撤离者155,856人[3](截至2023年7月7日)
地图
地图
2023年加拿大野火范围 (map data)

野火产生的雾霾导致加拿大和美国大范围空气质量下降[6][7]。在6月底,雾霾甚至越过大西洋到达了欧洲[8]。截至7月16日,本季野火已产生4,147场火灾,烧毁了10,005,903公顷(24,725,125英亩)的土地,有883场野火仍然活跃,而其中580场目前仍被认为处在“失控”状态[9],已有两名消防人员在参与扑灭野火时殉职[10]。截至8月17日,共发生5,765起火灾,烧毁面积达13,749,167公顷[2]。截至18日,加全国仍有约1000处在燃野火,其中380多处位于卑诗省,230多处在加拿大西北地区[11]。截至9月7日,加拿大全国仍有1000多处在燃野火,其中大约650处野火处于失控状态。累计过火面积已经超过16.6万平方公里[12]

背景

加拿大野火的性质有所改变:总括来说,自1970年代和80年代起,国内年度野火宗数下降,但受焚范围则有所上升[13]。自1959年起,受焚面积逾200公顷(490英亩)的大型野火数目上升,而平均野火季长度亦增加两个星期[14]。加拿大野火季通常于5月展开[15]。2023年野火与2016年麦克默里堡森林大火[16][17]2021年利顿森林大火相提并论[18]

气候变化影响,当地天气较以往温暖和干燥,植被因此较易燃,从而增加野火风险[13][19][20][18]。一度冷锋于5月18日一周掠过,连带的风力助长野火[18]。联邦公共安全部长比尔·布莱尔英语Bill Blair (politician)表示:“在野火季展开之际出现这些状况为前所未有。受气候变化影响,类似的极端天气频率和严重程度在全国皆有可能继续上升。[21]2023年北美西部热浪英语2023 Western North America heat wave亦令阿尔伯塔省火势加剧[22][23]

加拿大过半数野火为闪电所致;气候变化亦导致闪电燃起的野火宗数上升,而到了21世纪末国内雷击次数亦预期会较现时倍增[13][24][25]。受野火焚毁的土地面积中,85%可归咎于闪电燃起的野火[26][27]。国内其余半数野火属人为产生,多为无意引发[28][29],主要由未完全熄灭的烟头[26]、营火[30]、或火车刹车时产生的火花等引起[29]。国内野火起因中,纵火行为仅占少数[31][32]

西北地区

8月14日,西北地区进入紧急状态[33][34]。截至18日,西北地区首府黄刀镇已有1.9万名居民被疏散[35]。截至21日,西北地区68%居民已撤离[36]。覆盖黄刀镇、德塔(Dettah)和恩迪洛(N'dilo)的疏散令于9月6日撤消,居民从同日起返回黄刀镇[37];截至9月8日约有千名居民乘飞机返回家园[38]

卑诗省

截至6月2日,卑诗省各地已发生54起火灾[39]。官员估计该省约一半的野火是由人类活动引起的[40]

在卑诗省东北部,唐尼溪(Donnie Creek)野火成为该省历史上最大的单一野火;它于6月18日达到这一状态。截至6月24日,大火燃烧面积超过5,648平方公里(2,180平方英里)[41][42][43]

受卡梅伦悬崖(Cameron Bluffs)山火影响,通往温哥华岛西部艾伯尼港托菲诺尤克卢利特镇的卑诗省4号公路被切断超过两周[44]

截至7月15日,卑诗省共有377起活跃野火,其中20起被列为“高度可见、具有威胁性或潜在破坏性的‘值得注意的野火’”[45]

疏散

5月初,由于卑诗省山火失控,部分居民撤离家园[46]。5月22日左右,温哥华以北的Tzenzaicut Lake附近的居民被疏散[47]

6月初,官员建议卑诗省民众做好必要时撤离的准备[48]。截至7月15日,全省已下达近70条疏散令[49]

8月,麦克杜格尔溪(McDougall Creek)野火蔓延至6,800公顷,卑诗省省长尹大卫宣布西基洛纳市进入紧急状态[50]卑诗大学奥肯拿根分校校区和附近的一些郊区已收到疏散令[51]。8月18日,卑诗省宣布进入紧急状态[52]。截至8月19日,至少有35,000人受疏散令影响,另外3万人则受疏散警报影响[53]

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