双性人医疗处置
双性人医疗处置(英语:Intersex medical interventions)[1]是使用手术、激素和其他医疗处置措施,旨在修改非典型或模棱两可的生殖器和其他性别特征,主要是为了使人的外表更加典型并减少将来出现问题的可能性。由于有报道说外科手术会损害性功能和性感觉,并造成终身健康问题,因此性别指定手术的历史已经引起争议。[2][3]在婴儿期、青春期和成人年龄进行手术的时间、证据、必要性和适应症一直存在争议,也连带涉及同意问题。
对双性人婴儿和儿童的性别医疗处置越来越被认为是人权问题。双性人组织和人权机构越来越质疑这种医疗措施的基础和必要性。[4][5]2011年,ChristianeVölling赢得了首例针对外科医生进行非自愿手术干预的成功判例。[6]2015年,欧洲委员会第一次承认双性人拥有不接受性别指定治疗的权利,[7]马耳他成为第一个禁止非自愿或强迫改变性别特征的国家。[8][9][10]
性别指定手术的目的
性别指定手术的目标因双性人状况的类型而异,但通常包括以下一项或多项:
身体健康的理由:
心理或社会理由:
两种理由都可能引起争议,特别是因为外科手术的后果是终身且不可逆的。有关身体健康的理由包括准确评估风险水平、必要性和时机。心理或社会理由特别容易引起必要性问题,因为它们反映了父母、社会和文化方面的顾虑。关于手术时机、必要性、手术干预类型、手术干预程度和评估方法,尚无临床共识或明确证据。[11][12][13]此类手术是引起广泛争议的议题,包括社区行动组织、[14]国际人权组织[7][15][16][17]、卫生机构[2]和国家伦理机构也发表了多份报告。[4][18]
医疗措施
医疗措施包括:
性别指定手术大致可分为男性化的外科手术,旨在使生殖器更像典型的XY男性,和女性化的外科手术,旨在使生殖器更像典型的XX女性。每种手术都有多种技术或方法。其中一些是由于身体差异程度的不同而需要的。在过去的60年中,技术和程序不断发展。已经设计出一些不同的技术来减少与早期手术相关的并发症。对于手术仍缺乏共识,一些临床医生仍将其视为实验性的。[19]
人权问题
欧洲委员会强调了与性别指定手术和其他医学治疗的几个关注领域:
- 没必要对双性人进行“正常化”治疗,以及对性别特征变异进行不必要的病理化检查。
- 诉诸司法对不必要的医疗获得赔偿,以及纳入平等待遇和仇恨犯罪法。
- 获取信息、医疗记录、伙伴和其他辅导的支持。
- 通过迅速获得官方文件的认可,尊重性别认同的自决。[4][5][7]
欧洲委员会认为,对双性人的无知和羞耻使侵犯人权的行为持续存在,对双性人的存在缺乏社会理解。并呼吁尊重“双性人”不接受性别指定治疗的权利。[7]
2017年6月,美国三位前外科医生Joycelyn Elders、David Satcher和Richard Carmona在Palm Center发表了一篇论文,呼吁重新考虑对具有双性特征的儿童的早期生殖器手术。他们的声明反映了这些医疗措施的历史,他们的理由和结果,指出:[20][21][22]
当一个人出生带着非典型的生殖器,但不会造成生理上危害时,不应将治疗重点放在手术介入,反而应该着重在其家庭和孩子的社会心理和教育支持。生殖器官成形术应该推迟至孩子成长到足以表达自己是否有意愿接受手术的年纪。那些宣誓或良心表示“手术并不会造成伤害”的人,应该注意一个简单的事实:迄今为止,研究并不支持婴幼儿生殖器官成形术的实施。
参考文献
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