不从国教者
不从国教者(Nonconformist),也译不信奉国教者,指的是不信奉英格兰教会(英格兰国教)的新教徒[1]。英格兰持不同意见者(English Dissenters)和这个词时常混用。
这个术语出现于斯图亚特王朝复辟并颁布1662年教会统一法令后。它包括加尔文宗(长老宗和公理会)、浸礼宗、普利茅斯弟兄会、循道宗和贵格会等自由教会信徒[2]。20世纪之前,他们的公民权利和政治权利多有限制。
历史
起源
1662年教会统一法令要求教士遵循公祷书中的所有仪式和规范[3],还要求英格兰教会的所有牧师都需经主教任命。清教徒很厌恶这种行为,结果近2000名神职人员因拒绝遵守该法案而被逐出教会,史称“大驱逐”(Great Ejection)。[3]
长老宗、公理会、浸礼宗、加尔文宗等“改革”教派在法案颁布后也被认定为非国教派[4]。虽然1688年宽容法令给予了他们一定的宗教自由[5],但实际生活中存在各种权利的限制。
改革
英国议会禁止他们担任大多数公职[6]。1732年,伦敦市的不信奉国教者组织起来,抗议政府的不公待遇,并于1828年实现目的[7]。
对不信奉国教者强征的教堂税(Church rate)也在1868年改为自愿[8]。《1836年婚姻法案》(Marriage Act 1836)使他们可以在自己的教堂里结婚,《1880年埋葬法修正案》(Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880)使他们可以在英格兰教会的墓地下葬。[9] :144–147
此外,不信奉国教者也曾受牛津大学和剑桥大学限制。牛津大学要求申请入学的学生遵守国教三十九条信纲,剑桥大学则要求学生必须遵守三十九条才能获得文凭。它们曾在1830年代反对向伦敦大学授予特许状,因为后者没有这样的限制。1854年、1856年牛津和剑桥先后取消限制。[10][9]:147
参考文献
- ^ Sell, Alan P. F. Nonconformist Theology in the Twentieth Century. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-1-7252-3202-0 (English).
- ^ Peberdy, Robert; Waller, Philip. A Dictionary of British and Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-0-631-20154-0 (English).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Choudhury 2005
- ^ Nonconformist (Protestant). Encyclopædia Britannica. [30 January 2014]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-01).
- ^ Cross 1997
- ^ Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, Part One: 1829–1859 (1966) pp. 60–95, 142–58
- ^ Richard W. Davis, "The Strategy of 'Dissent' in the Repeal Campaign, 1820–1828". Journal of Modern History 38.4 (1966): 374–393. .
- ^ Olive Anderson, "Gladstone's Abolition of Compulsory Church Rates: a Minor Political Myth and its Historiographical Career". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25#2 (1974): 185–198. doi:10.1017/S0022046900045735.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Richard Helmstadter, "The Nonconformist Conscience" in Peter Marsh, ed., The Conscience of the Victorian State (1979)
- ^ Lund, Valerie K., "The admission of religious nonconformists to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and to degrees in those universities, 1828--1871" (1978). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. William & Mary. Paper 1539625037. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-xzep-p808
- ^ Steve Bruce, and Tony Glendinning, "When was secularization? Dating the decline of the British churches and locating its cause". British Journal of Sociology 61#1 (2010): 107–126. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01304.x.
- ^ Callum G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800–2000 (2009)
- ^ Alan D. Gilbert, The making of post-Christian Britain: a history of the secularization of modern society (Longman, 1980).
来源
- Choudhury, Bibhash. English Social and Cultural History: An Introductory Guide and Glossary 2nd. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 2005. ISBN 8120328493.
- Cross, F.L., E.A. Livingstone , 编, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997
- Helmstadter, Richard J. The Nonconformist Conscience. Marsh, Peter (编). The Conscience of the Victorian State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 1979: 135–72. doi:10.1086/ahr/85.1.126.
- Mitchell, Sally, Victorian Britain An Encyclopedia, London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011, ISBN 978-0415668514
- Reynolds, Noel Beldon, Cole Durham , 编, Religious liberty in Western thought, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003, ISBN 0802848532