用戶:HallonZhu/上議院議長 (英國)
| 英國上議院議長 | |
|---|---|
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| 上議院 | |
| 尊稱 | 議長（Lord Speaker） （在議會中，非正式） 閣下（The Right Honourable） （在英國和英聯邦內） |
| 地位 | 議長 |
| 提名者 | 各政黨 |
| 任命者 | 上議院 由君主任命並宣誓就職 |
| 任期 | 5年，連選得連任一次且最多連任一次 |
| 設立 | 2006年7月4日 |
| 首任 | 海曼女男爵 |
| 網站 | www |
| 英國政治 |
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上議院議長（Lord Speaker）是英國國會上議院的議長。該職務與下議院議長相似，都由議員選舉產生且需要脫離其黨派，以中立身份主持會議，但上議院議長的權力比下議院議長小。
2006年6月以前，上議院會議的主持人由大法官兼任。2005年憲改法案通過後，上議院得以自行選出議長。至第一任議長選出後，大法官不再主持上議院的會議。
歷史
2003年，上議院議長事務專責委員會建議另設一個由議員選舉產生的議長來代替大法官主持會議的職務，而在此之前，會議主持人已被決定廢除。在委員會的建議下，副議長的人數也從25人減至12人。[2]
在設立該職務之前，上議院議員們就新議長是否應該有比大法官在上議院中更多的權力和義務進行辯論。雖然原先的辯論結果為不通過，但在由阿拉斯泰爾·古德拉德領導的一個領導小組（Leader's Group）提出允許上議院議長在質詢或部長聲明時間就政黨發言先後順序的爭議向上議院提建議後，相關問題又再度被討論。後來，議長事務委員會提議，認為新議長可以在問答環節（Question Time）擁有更多權力，但這不為領導小組所建議，而領導小組的報告也未被批准。
職能
上議院議長的主要職能有：主持在上議院會議廳舉行的會議、對上議院就議事規則提建議、對上議院的財產安全負責、在正式場合中代表上議院等。[3]
上議院作為一個整體而高度自治，大部分事情均由上議院作為一個整體而決定。相較於下議院議長，上議院議長一般很少主動參與到辯論當中，也因此上議院議長的權力比下議院議長小。與此同時，上議院議長並不會維持議會的秩序，不會在多個成員同時起立發言時決定誰先發言，不會就秩序問題進行裁決，不會懲罰違反上議院規則的議員，也不會將修正案促成法案，這些權力都由整個上議院一起行使。而且，下議院議員總是對着議長發言，以「Mr Speaker」作為發言的開頭；但是上議院議員對着整個上議院發言，以「My Lords」作為發言的發端詞。實際上，上議院議長在下議院裏的任務只有提請表決、宣佈投票結果、向議會宣佈一些事情（如某位議員的訃聞）。此外，上議院議長還可以在緊急狀況發生時結束議會的休會狀態（即召回議會）。
上議院議長几乎繼承了先前大法官在議會中的所有職責。然而，大法官仍然在國會開幕大典上向女王遞交演講辭，以此來代表政府。當議員們就職位的設立而辯論時，特別對議長是否應當有更多的權力和義務進行了辯論[2]，並最終否定了這個議題。
The debate was renewed with proposals put forward by a Leader's Group (an ad hoc committee) led by Alastair Goodlad. The proposals include allowing the Lord Speaker, during Question Time and ministerial statements, to take on the role of advising the House which party should speak next when there is a dispute. The Leader of the House of Lords, a Government minister, currently handles this task. The decision of who should speak would ultimately remain with the House. A similar proposal was made by the committee that initially discussed the new office.[2] A further option would allow the Speaker even more power during Question Time, but it was not recommended by the Leader's Group. The Group's report has yet to be approved.[4]
和下議院議長一樣，上議院議長需要脫離黨派並保持中立。
選舉
上議院議長每屆任期為五年，最高可以連任一次。議長選舉使用的投票制度為排序複選制。在2011年5月3日的修正案中，選舉必須在議長本屆任期的最後一年的7月15日舉行，議長的下一屆任期自該年9月1日起。在海曼女男爵當選為首任上議院議長時，議會書記官宣佈了投票結果，隨後宮務大臣宣佈了女王對結果的認可。至此，上議院議長正式取代了大法官，成為上議院的會議主持人。[5]
Perquisites and ceremony
By Royal Warrant on 4 July 2006,[6] the Queen declared that the Lord Speaker would have rank and precedence immediately after the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Lord Speaker earns a salary of £104,360, less than the Speaker of the House of Commons, though the Speaker of the House of Commons』 salary includes £81,932 paid for being an MP . The Lord Speaker, like the Speaker of the House of Commons, is entitled to a grace and favour apartment in the Parliamentary Estate.
Like the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Speaker wears court dress with a plain black silk gown while presiding over the House and a black silk damask and gold lace ceremonial gown on state occasions. To date holders of the office have chosen not to wear a wig, as the Lord Chancellor previously did, though they do have the option. When presiding over debates, the Lord Speaker sits on the Woolsack.
Before each day's sitting of the House of Lords, the Lord Speaker forms part of a procession that marches from the Lord Speaker's residence to the Lords Chamber. The Lord Speaker is preceded by the Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms or Principal Doorkeeper of the House (who bears the Mace). The procession is joined by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in the Prince's Chamber. Together, they move through the Not-content Lobby, entering the Chamber below the bar, and finish by walking up the Temporal (opposition) side toward the Woolsack. The Mace is placed on the Woolsack, where the Lord Speaker sits after a bishop has led the House in prayers.
When the Sovereign appoints Lords Commissioners to perform certain actions on his or her behalf (for example, to open or prorogue Parliament, or formally declare Royal Assent), the Lord Speaker is one of them. The other Lords Commissioners, by convention, are the Leader of the House (who has acted as the principal Commissioner since the Lord Chancellor's functions were transferred to the Lord Speaker), the leaders of the other two major parties in the Lords, and the Convenor of the Crossbenches.
New peers, upon being introduced in the House of Lords, shake hands with the Lord Speaker after taking the oath (or making affirmation).
上議院議長列表
本表列出了自2006年起的上議院議長
關於上議院議長職務正式設立之前的會議主持人，請見歷任大法官及國璽大臣列表。
| 肖像 | 姓名 | 任期 選舉時間 |
政黨引用錯誤：<ref>標籤中沒有內容
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參考來源 | |
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非常尊敬的 海曼女男爵 PC (1949 - ) |
2006年7月4日 | 2011年8月31日 | 工黨 | [7] |
| 2006 | |||||
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非常尊敬的 迪蘇莎女男爵 CMG PC (1944 - ) |
2011年9月1日 | 2016年8月31日 | 中立議員 | [8] |
| 2011 | |||||
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非常尊敬的 福勒男爵 Kt PC (1938 - ) |
2016年9月1日 | 現任 | 保守黨 | [9] |
| 2016 | |||||
註釋
參考資料
- ^ Lord Fowler elected as new Lord Speaker. UK Parliament. 13 June 2016.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Select Committee on the Speakership of the House - First Report, HL 199, 18 November 2003.
- ^ The Lord Speaker. www.parliament.co.uk. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-09）.
- ^ Report of the Leader's Group on Working Practices. parliament.uk. 26 April 2011 [3 July 2011].
- ^ House of Lords Minutes of Proceedings for Tuesday 4 July 2006.
- ^ 第58050號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 21 July 2006.
- ^ Hayman chosen to be Lords speaker. BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 July 2006 [26 August 2008].
- ^ Baroness D'Souza elected new Lords Speaker. BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 18 July 2011 [24 July 2011].
- ^ Election of the Speaker of the House of Lords: result (PDF). [13 June 2016].
外部連結
- Paying for a peers' speaker. BBC News. 2 May 2006.
- Lord Speaker's official webpage
- The role of the Speaker of the House of Lords.
Template:Lord Speaker Template:Officers of the Lords and Commons