硫氰酸鹽

硫氰酸鹽
	IUPAC名; Cyanosulfanide
別名	Rhodanide; Sulfocyanate; Sulphocyanate; Thiocyanide;
識別
CAS編號	302-04-5
PubChem	9322
ChemSpider	8961
SMILES	[S-]C#N;
InChI	1/CHNS/c2-1-3/h3H/p-1;
InChIKey	ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-REWHXWOFAX
ChEBI	18022
IUPHAR配體	4529
性質
化學式	CNS
摩爾質量	58.08 g·mol−1
	若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

硫氰酸鹽是硫氰酸根離子SCN⁻所成的鹽，常見的包括無色的硫氰酸鉀、硫氰酸鈉、硫氰酸銨和硫氰酸汞。

硫氰酸酯指含有SCN官能基的有機化合物。

硫氰酸根離子與氰酸根離子[OCN]⁻同類，只是氧原子被硫原子替代。[SCN]⁻與鹵離子相似之處很多，是擬鹵離子之一。

硫氰酸鹽可由硫或硫代硫酸鹽與氰化物反應製備：

{\ce {8CN-}}

{\ce {+S8->8SCN-}}

{\ce {CN-}}

{\ce {+S2O3^2-}}

{\ce {->SCN-}}

{\ce {+SO3^2-}}

磺基轉移酶硫氰酸酶（英語：thiosulfate sulfurtransferase）可催化第二個反應，可能是體內氰化物解毒的機理。

Riemschneider硫代氨基甲酸酯合成涉及有機硫氰酸酯水解為硫代氨基甲酸酯的反應。

異構

硫氰酸苯酯與異硫氰酸苯酯是鍵合異構體。

硫氰酸根存在鍵合異構體。

硫氰酸鹽和硫氰酸酯中，有機基團或金屬原子與硫相連：R−S−C≡N；^[1]
異硫氰酸鹽或異硫氰酸酯中，則與氮相連：R−N=C=S。

檢測Fe³⁺

血紅色的[Fe(NCS)(H₂O)₅]²⁺。

溶液中，Fe³⁺會與[SCN]⁻反應生成血紅色的[Fe(SCN)(H₂O)₅]²⁺，可用於檢驗三價鐵離子，有些電影中也用該法製作假血（英語：theatrical blood）。

Fe³⁺ + n SCN^- → [Fe(SCN)_n]^3-n

藥理學

硫氰酸鹽^[2]在乳過氧化酶（英語：lactoperoxidase）合成次硫氰酸鹽（英語：hypothiocyanite）時扮演重要角色^[3]^[4]^[5]。因此當人體缺乏硫氰酸鹽時^[6]（如囊腫性纖維化），會導致人體免疫功能下降^[7]^[8]。

硫氰酸鹽也會競爭性抑制甲狀腺的鈉-碘共同運輸蛋白（英語：sodium-iodide symporter）（sodium-iodide symporter）^[9]，減少運入甲狀腺濾泡的碘，進而抑制甲狀腺素的合成。因此甲狀腺機能低下的患者應該避免攝入含有過多硫氰酸鹽的食物^[10]。

20世紀初期，硫氰酸鹽會用於治療高血壓，但因為毒性過強而不再使用^[11]。但至今仍用於高血壓危症（英語：hypertensive emergency）的硝普鈉，其中一個代謝物即為硫氰酸鹽。硫氰酸酶（英語：Rhodanese）會與硫代硫酸根共同作用，將硝普鈉代謝為硫氰酸鹽。

參見

參考資料

^ Guy, R. G. "Syntheses and Preparative Applications of Thiocyanates" in "Chemistry of Cyanates and Their Derivatives," vol II. Patai, S., (Editor), John Wiley, 1977. New York
^ Pedemonte, N.; Caci, E.; Sondo, E.; Caputo, A.; Rhoden, K.; Pfeffer, U.; di Candia, M.; Bandettini, R.; Ravazzolo, R.; Zegarra-Moran, O.; Galietta, L. J. Thiocyanate Transport in Resting and IL-4-Stimulated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Role of Pendrin and Anion Channels. Journal of Immunology. 2007, 178 (8): 5144–5153. PMID 17404297. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5144.
^ Conner, G. E.; Wijkstrom-Frei, C.; Randell, S. H.; Fernandez, V. E.; Salathe, M. The Lactoperoxidase System Links Anion Transport to Host Defense in Cystic Fibrosis. FEBS Letters. 2007, 581 (2): 271–278. PMC 1851694  . PMID 17204267. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.025.
^ White, W. E.; Pruitt, K. M.; Mansson-Rahemtulla, B. Peroxidase-Thiocyanate-Peroxide Antibacterial System Does not Damage DNA. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983, 23 (2): 267–272. PMC 186035  . PMID 6340603. doi:10.1128/aac.23.2.267.
^ Thomas, E. L.; Aune, T. M. Lactoperoxidase, Peroxide, Thiocyanate Antimicrobial System: Correlation of Sulfhydryl Oxidation with Antimicrobial Action. Infection and Immunity. 1978, 20 (2): 456–463. PMC 421877  . PMID 352945.
^ Minarowski, Ł.; Sands, D.; Minarowska, A.; Karwowska, A.; Sulewska, A.; Gacko, M.; Chyczewska, E. Thiocyanate concentration in saliva of cystic fibrosis patients (PDF). Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2008, 46 (2): 245–246. PMID 18519245. doi:10.2478/v10042-008-0037-0. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Moskwa, P.; Lorentzen, D.; Excoffon, K. J.; Zabner, J.; McCray, P. B. Jr.; Nauseef, W. M.; Dupuy, C.; Bánfi, B. A Novel Host Defense System of Airways is Defective in Cystic Fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2007, 175 (2): 174–183. PMC 2720149  . PMID 17082494. doi:10.1164/rccm.200607-1029OC.
^ Xu, Y.; Szép, S.; Lu, Z.; Szep; Lu. The antioxidant role of thiocyanate in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and other inflammation-related diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009, 106 (48): 20515–20519. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620515X. PMC 2777967  . PMID 19918082. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911412106.
^ Braverman L. E.; He X.; Pino S.; et al. The effect of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on thyroid function in workers exposed to perchlorate long-term. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90 (2): 700–706 [2019-04-07]. PMID 15572417. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1821. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-02）.
^ Hypothyroidism. umm.edu. University of Maryland Medical Center. [3 December 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-09）.
^ Warren F. Gorman; Emanuel Messinger; And Morris Herman. Toxicity of Thiocyanates Used in Treatment of Hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1949, 30 (5): 1054–1059. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-30-5-1054.

[1] Guy, R. G. "Syntheses and Preparative Applications of Thiocyanates" in "Chemistry of Cyanates and Their Derivatives," vol II. Patai, S., (Editor), John Wiley, 1977. New York

[pmid17404297-2] Pedemonte, N.; Caci, E.; Sondo, E.; Caputo, A.; Rhoden, K.; Pfeffer, U.; di Candia, M.; Bandettini, R.; Ravazzolo, R.; Zegarra-Moran, O.; Galietta, L. J. Thiocyanate Transport in Resting and IL-4-Stimulated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Role of Pendrin and Anion Channels. Journal of Immunology. 2007, 178 (8): 5144–5153. PMID 17404297. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5144.

[pmid17204267-3] Conner, G. E.; Wijkstrom-Frei, C.; Randell, S. H.; Fernandez, V. E.; Salathe, M. The Lactoperoxidase System Links Anion Transport to Host Defense in Cystic Fibrosis. FEBS Letters. 2007, 581 (2): 271–278. PMC 1851694  . PMID 17204267. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.025.

[pmid6340603-4] White, W. E.; Pruitt, K. M.; Mansson-Rahemtulla, B. Peroxidase-Thiocyanate-Peroxide Antibacterial System Does not Damage DNA. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983, 23 (2): 267–272. PMC 186035  . PMID 6340603. doi:10.1128/aac.23.2.267.

[pmid352945-5] Thomas, E. L.; Aune, T. M. Lactoperoxidase, Peroxide, Thiocyanate Antimicrobial System: Correlation of Sulfhydryl Oxidation with Antimicrobial Action. Infection and Immunity. 1978, 20 (2): 456–463. PMC 421877  . PMID 352945.

[pmid18519245-6] Minarowski, Ł.; Sands, D.; Minarowska, A.; Karwowska, A.; Sulewska, A.; Gacko, M.; Chyczewska, E. Thiocyanate concentration in saliva of cystic fibrosis patients (PDF). Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2008, 46 (2): 245–246. PMID 18519245. doi:10.2478/v10042-008-0037-0. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid17082494-7] Moskwa, P.; Lorentzen, D.; Excoffon, K. J.; Zabner, J.; McCray, P. B. Jr.; Nauseef, W. M.; Dupuy, C.; Bánfi, B. A Novel Host Defense System of Airways is Defective in Cystic Fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2007, 175 (2): 174–183. PMC 2720149  . PMID 17082494. doi:10.1164/rccm.200607-1029OC.

[pmid19918082-8] Xu, Y.; Szép, S.; Lu, Z.; Szep; Lu. The antioxidant role of thiocyanate in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and other inflammation-related diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009, 106 (48): 20515–20519. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620515X. PMC 2777967  . PMID 19918082. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911412106.

[pmid15572417-9] Braverman L. E.; He X.; Pino S.; et al. The effect of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on thyroid function in workers exposed to perchlorate long-term. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90 (2): 700–706 [2019-04-07]. PMID 15572417. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1821. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-02）.

[10] Hypothyroidism. umm.edu. University of Maryland Medical Center. [3 December 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-09）.

[11] Warren F. Gorman; Emanuel Messinger; And Morris Herman. Toxicity of Thiocyanates Used in Treatment of Hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1949, 30 (5): 1054–1059. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-30-5-1054.

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硫氰酸鹽

異構

檢測Fe3+

藥理學

參見

參考資料

檢測Fe³⁺