演講台
演講台(Rostra)是古羅馬的一個平台,長官、政治家、倡導者和其他演講者在上面向聚集的羅馬人民演說,進行刑事審判。最初的演講台由占卜師諸聖成為一座神廟(templum),在羅馬共和國時期位於古羅馬廣場附近的戶外集會場(Comitium),早在公元前4世紀已經建成。這個演講枱曆經重建、搬遷,擴大了若干倍。最後的變化發生在凱撒重新安排元老院的地位時,另外新建了一個演講台來取代它。他的繼任者奧古斯都完成了凱撒開始的,最終被稱為Rostra Vetera,以區別於後來在羅馬帝國時期的數次擴建。
參考文獻
- Arnold, Thomas. The History of Rome. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1861.
- Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-300-12048-6.
- Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony, editors. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Third Edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-19-866172-X.
- Lintott, Andrew. The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. ISBN 0199261083.
- Millar, Fergus. The Crowd in Late Republican Rome. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1998. ISBN 0-472-10892-1.
- Morstein-Marx, Robert. Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 0521823277.
- Nichols, Francis Morgan. The Roman Forum. London: Longmans and Co. 1877. ISBN 9781437320961.
- Powell, Jonathan; Paterson, Jeremy, editors. Cicero the Advocate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-19-815280-9.
- Stambaugh, John E. The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-8018-3692-1.
外部連結
- Plan showing location in the Forum Romanum (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Coin depicting the ships prows attached to the rostra, and photograph showing the length of the rostra
- Further on the history of the rostra in the Forum Romanum (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Graphic reconstruction of the view of the rostra with the ships prows