循環報道

一处从某处获取的二手来源之后被引用为第一手来源

循環報道,又稱虛假確認,是來源批判的情況之一,指一則消息以看似出自多個獨立來源的形式出現,實際上僅出自單一來源[1][2]。部分情況中,該問題由其他媒體搜集訊息時過於草率而引起。然而在其他情形下,這個情況可能是由原創者故意捏造多個相似內容的來源,目的是增強人民對其訊息的信任[3]

循環報道兩種基本形式示意圖,其中虛線指最終審閱者無法看到的來源獲取過程。在兩種情況下,第一手來源(上方)會以兩個獨立來源的形式呈現給最終審閱者(下方)。

循環報道問題會在不同領域出現,包括情報搜集英語intelligence assessment新聞和學術研究。尤其在軍事情報方面,由於原始來源傳遞錯誤訊息的可能性非常高,加上報告鏈更容易被遮蓋,該問題受到特別關注。2002年尼日爾鈾偽造品事件英語Niger uranium forgeries是情報部門循環報道的經典實例[4]

維基百科的例子

 
維基百科與媒體進行循環報道的圖解

維基百科偶爾會被批為循環報道的來源[5][6]。因此,維基百科建議研究人員和記者警惕或儘量避免使用維基百科作為直接來源,而把焦點放在一篇條目中有參考資料而且經驗證的內容[7]。在下列實例中,由於循環報道,不實訊息在維基百科和新聞來源中傳播。蘭德爾·門羅在他的諷刺漫畫《Xkcd》中將這一現象稱為「引文生成反應」(Citogenesis[8]

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Sterzer, Marcus; McDuff, Patrick; Flasz, Jacek. Note to File—The Challenge of Centralized Control Faced by the Intelligence Function in Afghanistan (PDF). Canadian Army Journal. Summer 2008, 11.2. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-03-05). 
  2. ^ Rozen, Laura. The Cocktail Napkin Plan for Regime Change in Iran. Mother Jones. 2008-06-07 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-09). 
  3. ^ Hurley, Micheal T.; Smith, Kenton V. Chapter 8: The Aviv Report. I Solemnly Swear: Conmen, Dea, the Media and Pan Am 103. New York: iUniverse. : 129 [2019-06-26]. ISBN 0-595-29947-4. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-29). Circular reporting occurs when what is reported is fed back to the originator in revised fashion which makes it difficult to objectively view the end product until you can trace back the sources to determine where the original information actually came from. Pan Am would eventually try to play that game by trying to introduce into court news reports that they themselves had a hand in producing. 
  4. ^ Drogin, Bob; Hamburger, Tom. Niger Uranium Rumors Wouldn't Die. Los Angeles Times. 2006-02-17 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-12). This became a classic case of circular reporting," said a U.S. intelligence official who spoke on condition of anonymity because he is not authorized to talk to reporters. "It seemed like we were hearing it from lots of places. People didn't realize it was the same bad information coming in different doors. This is an interesting example of circular reporting. 
  5. ^ Timmer, John. Wikipedia hoax points to limits of journalists’ research. Ars Technica. 2009-05-08 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2012-04-14). 
  6. ^ Harrison, Stephen. The Internet’s Dizzying Citogenesis Problem. Slate. 2019-03-07 [2019-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-07). 
  7. ^ Wikipedia:引用維基百科
  8. ^ Munroe, Randall (編劇藝術家). 《Citogenesis"》 《xkcd》, 第978期 (2011-11-16). 原始內容 存檔於2011-11-18. [2020-05-24]. 存档副本. [2020-05-24]. 原始內容存檔於2011-11-18. 
  9. ^ Hardwick, Viv. Mears sets his sights on UK. The Northern Echo. 2014-09-09 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2014-09-29). He once hitchhiked around the Pacific Rim countries 
  10. ^ Wie ich Freiherr von Guttenberg zu Wilhelm machte. Bildblog. 2009-02-10 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-05) (德語). 
  11. ^ kdawson. False Fact On Wikipedia Proves Itself. Slashdot. 2009-02-11 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-01-23). 
  12. ^ Wikipedia Article creates Circular references. Tech Debug. 2009-04-19 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-05). 
  13. ^ Brown, Jonathan. From wallabies to chipmunks, the exotic creatures thriving in the UK. The Independent. 2010-06-21. (原始內容存檔於2014-05-21). Coati (also known as the Brazilian aardvark): found in Cumbria 
  14. ^ Ingham, John. Exotic animals could wipe out native wildlife. Daily Express. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-28). There are also about 10 Brazilian aardvark in Cumbria 
  15. ^ Scorpions, wallabies and aadvarks 'invading Britain'. Metro. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. (原始內容存檔於2010-06-25). There are thought to be ten coatis, a kind of Brazilian aardvark, in Cumbria 
  16. ^ Leach, Ben. Scorpions, Brazilian aardvarks and wallabies all found living wild in UK, study finds. The Daily Telegraph. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. (原始內容存檔於2010-06-25). 
  17. ^ Randall, Eric. How a Raccoon Became an Aardvark. The New Yorker. 2014-05-19 [2019-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2014-05-23). 
  18. ^ Safier, Neil. Beyond Brazilian Nature: The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso’s Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Groesen, Michiel van (編). The Legacy of Dutch Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2014: 179 [2020-05-24]. ISBN 978-1-107-06117-0. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-21). In the case of the Coati, for instance, also known as the Brazilian aardvark, Buffon explained that “Marcgrave, and practically all of the Naturalists after him, said that the aardvark had six toes in its hind feet: M. Brisson is the only one who has not copied this error of Marcgrave.” 

外部連結