域 (生物)

生物分类法中的一个层级

生物分類學中,(英語:domain、empire拉丁語regio)或總界superkingdom)是美國生物學家卡爾·沃斯1990年設計的三域系統中最高的分類單元,該系統中,生命之樹英語Tree of life (biology)包含細菌古菌真核生物等三個域,其中前兩者為原核生物,不具有細胞核;後者則具有細胞核和內膜系統包裹的細胞器[參1]

生物分類法上八個主要的分類單元,生物被分成三個域,並進一步被劃分成其他分類單元。本圖沒有顯示較小的中間分類單元。

三域生物特色

 File:生命系統發生樹.svg細菌古菌真核生物產水菌屬熱袍菌屬噬胞菌屬擬桿菌屬浮黴菌屬藍菌門變形菌門螺旋菌革蘭氏陽性菌綠絲狀菌熱網菌屬熱變形菌屬熱球菌屬甲烷球菌屬甲烷桿菌屬甲烷八疊球菌屬適鹽菌屬內變形蟲屬黏液菌動物真菌植物纖毛蟲鞭毛蟲毛滴蟲目微孢子蟲門雙滴蟲目
基於16S 核糖體RNA序列的系統發生樹,顯示了可明顯區別的三支:細菌、古菌和真核生物

古菌

古菌屬於單細胞原核生物,外形類似細菌,但部分分子序列與代謝途徑與真核生物較相近,其細胞膜醚酯英語Ether lipid所組成,不同於另兩域生物細胞膜主要成分為酯類[參2]。早期發現的古菌多為嗜極生物,後來漸發現古菌普遍存在各種環境中[參3]

細菌

細菌也屬於單細胞原核生物,其細胞膜為酯類組成,廣泛分佈於不同環境中,外形、營養方式與生長環境都有很高的多樣性。細菌的大小一般為0.5-5微米,少數特例如納米比亞嗜硫珠菌[參4]費氏刺骨魚菌英語Epulopiscium fishelsoni可大至0.5毫米而能以肉眼觀察[參5],而小型者如黴漿菌僅有約0.3微米,與大型的病毒大小相仿[參6],甚至還有更小的超微細菌英語Ultramicrobacteria[參7]

真核生物

真核生物具有細胞核以及多種膜結構組成的內膜系統,包括動物植物真菌[參8]。2005年,國際原生生物學家協會英語International Society of Protistologists將真核生物分為六個超類群(supergroups),包括後鞭毛生物古蟲界變形蟲界囊泡藻界有孔蟲界原始色素體生物[參9][參10],但隨即有學者質疑囊泡藻界並非單系群,並有後續研究將其拆分[參11][參12]。近年來持續有許多真核生物的分類理論被提出[參13][參14]

分類

2002年,英國生物學家湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯提出了新壁總域的概念,即古菌與真核生物共同組成一演化支,為細菌中放線菌門姊妹群[參15]。後續分子種系發生學的研究亦支持古菌與真核生物的親緣關係較與細菌的親緣關係近[參16]

其他分類系統

 
三域系統(上)與泉古菌假說英語Eocyte hypothesis(下)

除了三域系統外,其他較常用的分類系統還包括:

參考資料

    參:

  1. ^ Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87 (12): 4576–9 [11 February 2010]. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. PMC 54159 . PMID 2112744. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. (原始內容存檔於2008-06-27). 
  2. ^ De Rosa M, Gambacorta A, Gliozzi A. Structure, biosynthesis, and physicochemical properties of archaebacterial lipids. Microbiological Reviews. March 1986, 50 (1): 70–80 [2019-07-13]. PMC 373054 . PMID 3083222. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-16). 
  3. ^ DeLong EF. Everything in moderation: archaea as 'non-extremophiles'. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. December 1998, 8 (6): 649–54. PMID 9914204. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80032-4. 
  4. ^ Schulz HN, Jorgensen BB. Big bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2001, 55: 105–37. PMID 11544351. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105. 
  5. ^ Williams C. Who are you calling simple?. New Scientist. 2011, 211 (2821): 38–41. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61709-0. 
  6. ^ Robertson J, Gomersall M, Gill P. Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells. Journal of Bacteriology. November 1975, 124 (2): 1007–18. PMC 235991 . PMID 1102522. 
  7. ^ Velimirov B. Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium. Microbes and Environments. 2001, 16 (2): 67–77. doi:10.1264/jsme2.2001.67. 
  8. ^ Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87 (12): 4576–9 [11 February 2010]. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. PMC 54159 . PMID 2112744. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. (原始內容存檔於2008-06-27). 
  9. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, et al. The new higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2005, 52 (5): 399–451. PMID 16248873. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. 
  10. ^ Holt, Jack R. and Carlos A. Iudica, (2010) "Taxa of Life." Retrieved 09-03-2011.
  11. ^ Harper, J. T.; Waanders, E. & Keeling, P. J. On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes (PDF). Nt. J. System. Evol. Microbiol. 2005, 55 (Pt 1): 487–496 [2019-07-13]. PMID 15653923. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63216-0. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-05-11). 
  12. ^ Parfrey, Laura W.; Barbero, Erika; Lasser, Elyse; Dunthorn, Micah; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Patterson, David J. & Katz, Laura A. Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity. PLoS Genetics. 2006, 2 (12): e220. PMC 1713255 . PMID 17194223. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220. 
  13. ^ Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne; Skjæveland, Åsmund; Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. & Pawlowski, Jan. Butler, Geraldine , 編. Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups. PLoS ONE. 2007, 2 (8): e790. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..790B. PMC 1949142 . PMID 17726520. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790. 
  14. ^ Kim, E.; Graham, L. E. & Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne. Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne , 編. EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2621K. PMC 2440802 . PMID 18612431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. 
  15. ^ Cavalier-Smith T. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. March 2002, 52 (Pt 2): 297–354 [2013-07-13]. PMID 11931142. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-29). 
  16. ^ Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P. Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life (PDF). Science. 2006, 311 (5765): 1283–7 [2019-07-13]. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1283C. PMID 16513982. doi:10.1126/science.1123061. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-04). 
  17. ^ Mayr, Ernst. Two empires or three?. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95 (17): 9720–9723 [5 September 2011]. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9720 請檢查|bibcode=值 (幫助). PMC 33883 . PMID 9707542. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9720. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-13). 
  18. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. Only six kingdoms of life (PDF). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2004, 271 (1545): 1251–62 [2010-04-29]. PMC 1691724 . PMID 15306349. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-01-10). 
  19. ^ Archibald, John M. The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells. PNAS. 23 December 2008, 105 (51): 20049–20050. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520049A. PMC 2629348 . PMID 19091952. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811118106. 
  20. ^ Lake, James A.; Henderson, Eric; Oakes, Melanie; Clark, Michael W. Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes. PNAS. June 1984, 81 (12): 3786–3790. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.3786L. PMC 345305 . PMID 6587394. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786. 
  21. ^ Nasir, Arshan; Kim, Kyung Mo; and Caetano-Anolles, Gustavo, "Giant viruses coexisted with the cellular ancestors and represent a distinct supergroup along with superkingdoms Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya." BMC Evol Biol. 2012; 12: 156. Published online 2012 August 24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-156
  22. ^ Luketa S. New views on the megaclassification of life (PDF). Protistology. 2012, 7 (4): 218–237 [2019-07-13]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-04-02). 
  23. ^ 中國大百科全書 生物學分冊

相關條目