視像對話

視像對話（英語：videotelephony），又稱電視對話、電視電話對話，是一種為兩地或多地的用戶之間提供語音和畫面雙向即時傳送的視聽對談技術。大型視像對話系統在現代的軍事、政府、商貿、醫療等部門和行業領域有廣泛的應用。

「視像對話」的各地常用名稱
多人視像對話
中國大陸	視頻對話
臺灣	視訊通話
港澳	視像對話

視像對話分類

小布殊在貝爾維尤歐福特空軍基地主持視像對話

硬件視像對話

硬件視像對話需要專門的攝影裝置，編碼解碼儀器，專線和專門會議室來連接幾個固定部門，投資至少幾百萬元乃至上千萬元人民幣；後期設施的更新維護費用高昂，且需要專人進行維護，佔用了企業大量的資金和人力資源。這對中小型企業而言是一個難以跨越的門檻。另外，基於硬件的視像對話只能在固定的幾個會議室地點進行，靈活性和拓展性差，面對突發狀況往往束手無策。

軟件視像對話系統

軟件視像對話系統相比硬件視像對話系統費用較低，同時在一定程度上克服了硬件視像對話系統靈活性和拓展性差的問題。但軟件視像對話本身同樣存在一些無法忽視的問題：多數的視像對話軟件是C/S架構，即桌面客戶端軟件+伺服器端軟件。正常執行前，需要先組態網絡和伺服器，下載並安裝客戶端。在此過程中若出現異常情況，重新安裝軟件也是比較麻煩的事情；另外一種軟件是B/S架構，解決了桌面客戶端存在的一些問題，用戶可直接在網頁瀏覽器上進行視像對話。但由於採用普通串流媒體傳輸技術，這些產品必須利用瀏覽器下載ActiveX的控制項，而由於惡意網站通常會利用ActiveX控制項自動安裝病毒或後門，所以使用此控制項的頁面大多會被瀏覽器攔截，從而導致這類視像對話可能在產品的相容性和適用性方面存在問題。 這類程式包含：Yahoo Messenger、AOL Instant Messenger（AIM）、Windows Live Messenger、Skype、iChat、Paltalk（目前改名為PaltalkScene）、Ekiga、Stickam、Tokbox、Camfrog和meetcam等。

參考文獻

• Santanu Brahma & Axlator Communications Audio Video Telephony （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Real time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser based audio and video telephony.
• Burns, R.W., Television: An International History of the Formative Years （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） in IEE Publication Series, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Science Museum (Great Britain), 1998, ISBN 0-85296-914-7, ISBN 978-0-85296-914-4
• Daly, Edward A. & Hansell, Kathleen J. Visual Telephony （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Artech House, Boston, 1999, ISBN 1-58053-023-0, ISBN 978-1-58053-023-1, CIPD HD9697.T452D35 651.7'3-dc21.
• Mulbach, Lothar; Bocker, Martin; Prussog, Angela. Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact. Human Factors. 1995, 37 (2): 290. ISSN 0018-7208. 
• Nellist, John G. Understanding Telecommunications And Lightwave Systems: An Entry-Level Guide （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press, 2002, ISBN 0-471-15032-0, ISBN 978-0-471-15032-9.
• Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff. On The Persistence Of Lackluster Demand – The History Of The Video Telephone. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2004, 71 (3): 197–216 [2017-08-31]. doi:10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00410-9. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-11）. 
• Shepard, Steven. Videoconferencing Demystified: Making Video Services Work （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002, ISBN 0-07-140085-0, ISBN 978-0-07-140085-5
• Stevenson Bacon, W. Amazing New Picturephone: A Step Closer to In-Person Visits （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Popular Science, June 1968, pp. 46–47.
• Valinder, Anne. Like a window in your living room: Video-mediated communication for extended families separated by space （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, University of Gothenburg: Department of Applied Information Technology, pp. 6–18, October 5, 2012. Web. January 23, 2013 (PDF).
• Wilcox, James R. & Gibson, David K. Video Communications: The Whole Picture （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Focal Press, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005, ISBN 1-57820-316-3, ISBN 978-1-57820-316-1.

延伸閱讀

未分類

• Greenberg, Alan D. Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom, Wainhouse Research, April 2009.
• Kopytoff, Verne G. Hewlett-Packard Sells Its Video Conferencing Business （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, June 1, 2011.
• Lawlor, Julia. Videoconferencing: From Stage Fright to Stage Presence （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times,August 27, 1998.
• Lohr, Steve. As Travel Costs Rise, More Meetings Go Virtual （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, July 22, 2008.
• Miller, Claire Cain. Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, November 11, 2009.
• Miller, Claire Cain. Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, November 10, 2009 on line, and November 11, 2009 in print, p. B3. Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications.
• Millman, Howard. The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, July 12, 2001.
• O'Brien, Kevin. Stranded Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, April 19, 2010. Article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months.
• Ramirez, Anthony. More Than Just a Phone Call; Video Conferencing And Photocopies, Too （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, September 15, 1993. Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred Kinkos locations.
• Shannon, Victoria. Videoconferencing's virtual leap forward （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, August 29, 2007.
• Sharkey, Joe. A Meeting in New York? Can’t We Videoconference? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, May 11, 2009 online, and in print on May 12, 2009, p. B6 of the New York edition.
• Vance, Ashlee. Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for $3 Billion （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, October 1, 2009 online, and October 2, 2009 in print, p. B7. Discusses the acquisition of Tandberg.
• Wang, Ses Open source tool detects videoconferencing equipment vulnerabilities, Help Net Security, 17 February 2012.
• Wayner, Peter. Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up., The New York Times, June 16, 2005.

通常

• Adeshina, Emmanuel. In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times website, August 7, 2012, pg. A15 of the New York Edition.
• Bajaj, Vikas. Transparent Government, Via Webcams in India （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, July 18, 2011, pg.B3. Published online: July 17, 2011.
• Davis, Andrew W.; Weinstein, Ira M. The Business Case for Videoconferencing, Wainhouse Research, March 2005.
• Fairlie, Rik. Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, July 2, 2010.
• Hoffman, Jan. When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, September 25, 2011, pg. ST1. Also published September 23, 2011 online at www.nytimes.com.
• Miller, Hugh.Videophones: The Real Problem. [2002-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2002-06-16）.  , Department of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, June 16, 2002. Discusses social issues related to videotelephony.
• Perlroth, Nicole. Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times online, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".
• ProAV Magazine. Being There, ProAV Magazine, November 7, 2008.
• Saint Louis, Catherine. With Enough Bandwidth, Many Join The Band （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, January 10, 2012 (online), January 11, 2012 (in print, New York Edition, pg. A1). Retrieved online January 11, 2012. Synopsis: a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private, individual, music lessons.
• Steinberg, Neil. Dude, Where's My Video Phone? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Forbes.com website, October 15, 2007

環境效益

• Biello, David. Can Videoconferencing Replace Travel? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Scientific American, March 18, 2009.
• Coroama, V.C., et al. Effects of Internet-Based Multiple-Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Telematics and Informatics, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006
• Pachner, Joanna. The Next Best Thing to Being There （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Toronto: The Globe and Mail, October 13, 2009.

歷史和技術

• Ebel, H. "Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone" in 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 289–298.
• Fischer, K.; Ebel, H.; "Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone" in: 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 269–282.
• Hall, A.D. "Experiments with Picturephone Service" in: Bell Laboratories RECORD, 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 114–120.
• Ives, Herbert E. Two-Way Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） in: Bell Laboratories Record, 1930, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, and viewable online here （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
• Ives, Herbert E.. Picture Transmission and Television in: Bell Labs Quarterly, April 1932, Vol. 11, pp. 118–142.
• Jaur, Francis. "Usage Domestiques du Visiophone", Technologies de l』Information et Société, 2, 1990, pp. 89–102. (French)
• Schunack, Von Johannes; Maly, Rolf. Die Fernseh-Sprechtechnik （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） in: Fernseh A.G.: 10 Jahre, Berlin: Hausmitteilungen Aus Forshunsg Und Betrieb Der Fernseh Aktiengellschaft, July 1939, pp. 138–143. (PDF, German)
• Schulte, Olaf A. "The Next Best Thing To Being There" – Ein Überblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing research) in: Medien & Kommunikations-wissenschaft, Baden-Baden: Hans-Bredow-Institut, April 2002, pp. 551–570 (PDF, German).

外部連接

• Debut of the First Picturephone, 1970 video courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, N.J.
• British Pathé news clip: Videophone 1970 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, a movie reel news clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office 'Viewphone' at Taplow, Buckinghamshire; (February 1, 1970; video, 1:16 seconds length)
• TVTropes.org: Video Phone （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, includes extensive lists of videophones used in popular culture
• Wirlpool Forums: Movies that feature videophones （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Finnish 1980s videophone development at YLE Elävä arkisto (YLE Living Archives) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）