藥物分類

藥物分類,或稱藥物類別是藥物的某種分類方式,這種方式可以基於相似的化學結構、或相同的作用機制(如可與同一生物靶標結合)、或相似的作用模式,或用於治療相似的疾病[1][2]

藥物可從多種角度進行分類,在主流的藥物分類系統中,以上四種分類模式形成了一種層次結構。例如,貝特類藥物英語Fibrate具有相似的化學結構(兩親性羧酸),具有相同的作用機制(PPAR激動劑英語PPAR agonist)和相同的作用方式(降低血液中的三酸甘油酯),均可用於預防和治療相同的疾病(動脈粥樣硬化)。[3][4]然而,並非所有PPAR激動劑都是貝特類藥物,並非所有降三酸甘油酯藥物都是PPAR激動劑,並非所有治療動脈粥樣硬化藥物均是降三酸甘油酯藥物。

藥物類別通常由原型藥物英語Prototype drug定義,原型藥物是該分類中的典型藥物且通常為首個成藥化合物,開發同類型的其他同藥物通常參考原型藥物或與之比較。[5][6]抗瘧疾藥物的原型藥物是氯喹非甾體抗炎藥物的原型藥物是阿士匹靈[7][8]

按綜合系統分類

按化學性質

藥物可基於化學性質進行分類,如根據藥化學結構分類。基於化學結構進行分類的藥物類別包括:

按作用機制

可基於藥理學按作用機制對藥物進行分類,作用機制通常依據生物學靶標的種類進行分類。分子作用機制相同的一類藥物,可調節特定的生物靶標活性。[21]作用機制還包括針對生物靶標的活性類型,如對於受體而言,這些活性包括:激動劑拮抗劑反向激動劑調節劑英語Selective receptor modulator。酶的靶向機制包括激活劑抑制劑離子通道調節劑包括開放劑阻滯劑英語Channel blocker。以下是基於特定作用機制的藥物類別示例:

按作用方式

按作用方式分類是基於生物學的角度出發,並根據藥物引起的解剖學或藥物引起的功能改變進行分類。基於常用的作用方式定義的藥物類別包括:

按臨床用途

藥物分類還可從醫學臨床用途角度出發,根據藥物用於治療的病理學進行分類。

合併分類

某些藥物類別會兼顧多種分類標準以滿足實際的分類需要。如非甾體類抗炎藥(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg,NSAID)就是其中一例。[59]歷史上對於抗炎藥的定義,除了非甾體抗炎藥,還包括皮質類固醇藥物即甾體類抗炎藥物。在非甾體抗炎藥這個類別出現之前的十年間,甾體類皮質類固醇類抗炎藥一直是抗炎藥物中的主流。[60]由於1950年代皮質類固醇藥物的不良反應事件,非甾體抗炎藥這種新型抗炎藥物迅速在臨床領域開展應用。 [59]因此,非甾體抗炎藥的藥物類別由作用機制——抗炎,與其化學結構——非甾體一起組成了新的藥物分類。

按其他系統分類

其他藥物分類系統,如基於藥物的溶解度胃腸道滲透性,對藥物進行分類的生物藥劑學分類系統英語Biopharmaceutics Classification System(Biopharmaceutics Classification System,BCS)。[62]

 
BCS分類

按生物藥劑學分類系統(BCS分類)可以將藥物基於不同的溶解性和滲透性,分為四類:[62]

按法律法規分類

參見

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