艾力·加納死亡案

警察暴力导致非裔美国人死亡

艾力·加納死亡案於2014年7月17日發生在美國紐約史泰登島,一名警察用15秒致使艾力窒息[9]。紐約市法醫辦公室得到的結論是,加納死亡的部分原因是窒息[5][10][11][12]紐約市警察局明令禁止使用窒息[13],但紐約市警察局警察工會表示,警察並未使用窒息手段[14]

艾力·加納死亡案
日期2014年7月17日 (2014-07-17)
大約下午3:30-4:45 (東部時間
地點 美國紐約市史泰登島灣街202號
座標40°38′14″N 74°04′36″W / 40.637147°N 74.076574°W / 40.637147; -74.076574
起因窒息[1][2][3][4]
首個報道者紐約每日新聞
拍攝藍斯·奧爾塔[5]
參與者丹尼爾·潘塔雷奧和賈斯丁·達米柯(紐約市警察局警察)
結果不起訴潘塔雷奧[6][7]
死亡1
起訴加納的家人向紐約市警察局、紐約市政府和六名警察索償7500萬美元[8]

紐約市警察局警察以涉嫌售賣無稅票包裝單支香煙為由接觸加納。加納告訴警察,他已經厭倦了騷擾,自己也不賣香煙,警察於是逮捕了加納[15]。當警察丹尼爾·潘塔雷昂(Daniel Pantaleo)將加納反身架住,於是加納用力扑打他的手臂[16]。潘塔雷昂隨後摟住加納的脖子,把他向後推倒在地上[17]。潘塔雷昂隨後將手臂曾加納的脖子上放開,將加納的臉推向地面,四名警察上前控制加納[18][19],加納面朝下躺在行人路上,十一次重複着「我喘不過氣」[7][20][21]。加納失去知覺後,警察把他轉過身來,緩解他的呼吸。加納在行人路上躺了七分鐘,而警察等待着救護車的到來[22]。警察和緊急醫療技術員並未在現場對加納執行心肺復甦術,PBA發言人表示,這是因為他們相信加納仍有呼吸,不適合對仍在呼吸的人士實施心肺復甦術[23][24]。加納抵達醫院約一個小時後被宣佈到院前死亡[25][26]

法醫得出的結果是,加納的死因是「脖子和胸部和俯臥位由於警察施加的身體限制」[1][2][27],但他的氣管和頸部骨骼並未有損傷。法醫裁定加納的死因是他殺。根據法醫的定義,他殺由一人或多人實施,不一定是故意致死或刑事死亡[28]

2014年12月3日,大陪審團決定不起訴潘特雷昂[29]。事件引發民眾抗議[30]和集會[31]指控警察濫用私刑。截至2014年12月28日,全國範圍內至少有50場針對加納的示威遊行,同時有數百場示威遊行以普通警察暴力加納為切入點[32]。美國司法部宣佈進行獨立的聯邦調查[17]

背景

艾力·加納(英語:Eric Garner,1970年9月15日-2014年),非裔美國人[33][34],曾在紐約市公園和休閒局擔任園藝師,後因健康問題辭職。加納的妻子艾薩瓦·加納(Esaw Garner[35]為人慷慨,與人融洽,被朋友們稱為「社區調解員」[36]。加納有三個孩子和六個孫子。去世的時候他有一個三個月大的孩子[37]

自1980年起,加納被紐約市警察局逮捕三十次,罪名包括鬥毆、拘捕和盜竊罪。一位警察表示他曾多次因涉嫌銷售無牌香煙而被捕[38][39][40]。2007年,加納曾向聯邦法院提交手寫訴狀[41],指控警察在大街上對他進行腔體搜查,「他就在馬路中間用手指挖我的直腸,旁邊還有人經過[42]。」《紐約時報》表示加納「最近曾請求法律援助署派律師幫他打所有針對他的官司[42]。」事發時,銷售未繳稅香煙、無證駕駛、藏匿大麻、假冒公職人員的加納剛被保釋出來[43]

丹尼爾·潘塔雷昂Daniel Pantaleo[44]是紐約市警察局警察,加納死時29歲,住在史泰登島埃爾廷威爾[45]。父親是紐約市消防局消防員,叔叔也是紐約市警察局警察。丹尼爾畢業於法雷爾大主教高中(Monsignor Farrell High School),獲得史泰登島學院(College of Staten Island)學術學位。他於2006年加入紐約市警察局[46]。潘塔雷昂2013年曾碰到亂逮捕人和虐待的兩項民權訴訟。其中一個案子中,潘塔雷昂和其他警察涉嫌命令兩名黑衣男子在大街上脫光衣服以搜身,指控被解僱的男士[47][48][49][50]

死亡

2014年7月17日下午4點45分,艾力·加納在史泰登島湯普金斯維爾碰到便衣警員積斯甸·達米柯(Justin Damico)。根據包括曾用視頻錄下事件的加納朋友藍斯·奧爾塔(Ramsey Orta)在內的目擊者所述[5][51],加納死前曾從一場爭鬥中掙扎出來,引起了奧爾塔和警察丹尼爾·潘塔雷昂的注意[52]。之後加納對警察說,「滾開〔略[註 1]〕,憑什麼?每當你們看見我,就想找我麻煩。我已經很倦了,今天到此為止。為什麼你……?這裏每個人都會告訴你我什麼都沒幹,什麼也沒賣。因為每次你們看見我,都想要騷擾我,你們想等我〔略[註 1]〕賣煙的時候把我逮個正著。我很安分,警官,我只是一個人閒着啊。請遠離我。我再告訴你們最後一次,請不要打擾我[53]。」

潘塔雷昂靠近加納的身後,試圖銬住他,但加納扑打着他的手臂掙脫出,並稱「請別碰我[16]。」潘塔雷昂隨後從身後掐住加納的脖子,向後拉以試圖把加納撞向地面。加納撞向地面時,與警察撞向一面玻璃窗,但玻璃窗沒有打碎,隨後其他制服警察包圍了加納。片刻過後,加納一言不發地挪動着膝蓋和前臂。此時,三名制服警察和兩名便利警察將其包圍。幾秒鐘後,錄像顯示潘塔雷昂把手臂從加納脖子上移開,用手推把加納的臉推向行人路[18][19][54]。臉朝下躺在行人路上的加納多次聲稱「我不能呼吸」[7][20][21]。逮捕過程由女性非裔美國紐約市警察局警長柯姿·亞多尼(Kizzy Adoni)監督,期間她沒有為加納求情。亞多尼在最初的警方報告中表示,「犯罪者的情況似乎並不嚴重,他似乎不那麼糟[55][56]。」

加納一動不動的躺着,被戴上手銬,救護車抵達前有好幾分鐘反應遲鈍,這一幕在第二段視頻中可以看到[31][57]。除了一名警察當時表示加納沒有了呼吸,其他警察都沒有嘗試給加納復甦[22]。警察辯稱沒有決定給加納進行心肺復甦術的原因是他當時還有呼吸,給還在自主呼吸的人士做心肺復甦術是不恰當的[58]。救護車最終趕到現場,車裏的兩名醫務人員和兩名急救人員沒有進行任何急救[59],或是及時把加納放到擔架上[59]。據警方透露,加納被送到里士滿大學醫療中心時心臟病發作[60]。加納抵達醫院一小時後被宣佈到院前死亡[61]

加納的葬禮於2014年7月23日在布魯克林伯特利浸信會教堂舉行。艾爾·夏普頓在葬禮的講話上呼籲對涉事警察採取更嚴厲的懲罰措施[62]

後果

調查

7月20日,曾掐住加納脖子的警察丹尼爾·潘塔雷昂被停職,配槍和徽章被收繳[63]。後來遭到解僱[64]。警察積斯甸·達米柯允許保留徽章和配槍,但被停職[65]。四名負責將加納運抵醫院的急救人員和醫護人員於7月21日停職[54],兩名醫護人員目前已復職。其餘兩名急救人員目前在醫院從事非醫療工作,等待里士滿大學醫療中心調查事件[66][67]

用手機錄下朋友被逮捕三個星期後,藍斯·奧爾塔因被控持有武器而被捕[5]阿爾·夏普頓發表聲明起訴奧爾塔的同時讓他擔任證人可能構成利益衝突。檢察官後來質疑用籌集款項保釋奧爾塔是否合法。奧爾塔於2015年4月10日保釋出獄[68][69]

8月1日,紐約市法醫辦公室發現加納死因是「窒息」[2]。哮喘、心臟疾病和肥胖被列為影響因素[70]。氣管和頸骨沒有損傷[71]。8月1日,法醫發言人茱莉·卜賽爾(Julie Bolcer)宣佈加納的死亡已排除他殺[72]。到了2014年12月3日,美國司法部發起對加納死亡的進一步調查[73]

第一波抗議

阿爾·夏普頓組織了7月19日下午在史泰登島的抗議,譴責警方掐死加納,稱這樣做沒有理由[74]

7月29日,WalkRunFly Productions和詩人丹尼爾·J·瓦特在時代廣場組織了一場抗議活動,受到許多詩人和百老匯演員的參與[75]。阿爾·夏普頓計劃原定於8月23日舉行抗議,讓參與者駛過維拉薩諾·納羅斯橋後前往案發地點和地方律師小丹尼爾·多諾瓦先生的辦公室[76]。該設想被阿爾改為在加納遇害的史泰登島的灣街遊行。警方估計超過2500人參與遊行[77][78]

大陪審團

8月19日,史泰登島地方律師小丹尼爾·M·多諾瓦宣佈潘塔雷昂的案子將由大評審團審議,表示考慮到法醫的調查結果,他的辦公室決定「適合向里士滿縣大陪審團提交加納死亡的證據[79]。」9月29日,大陪審團開始審理加納一案證據[79],23名成員組成的評估小組中有14名白人,9名非白人,至少有5名黑人[79]。11月21日,潘塔雷昂向大陪審團作出長達約兩小時的證詞[79]。案發兩個月後的12月3日,大陪審團決定不起訴潘塔雷歐[79]。史泰登島法官要求把自己撤換出大陪審團的案件筆錄[80]

反應

大陪審團決定不起訴潘塔雷昂的消息傳出後,NFL[81]NBA等一眾球星在熱身期間穿着「我不能呼吸」T恤[82][83][84][85]奧巴馬總統和司法部長霍德爾稱讚了勒布朗·占士穿着該T恤的行為[86][87]。2020年佐治·佛洛伊德之死亡事件中,此圖片再度引起話題。

參見

註釋

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 無法辨識此處詞句。

參考資料

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