古巴爾幹語族

古巴爾幹語族是印歐語系下一個已經滅絕的分支，包含了古代巴爾幹地區使用的各種語言，除了古希臘語以及少數弗里吉亞語和梅薩比語資料以外，古巴爾幹語族相關語言的資料十分稀少，導致相關研究受到影響。其他相關語言還有阿爾巴尼亞語、色雷斯語和古馬其頓語。

受到希臘化、羅馬化和斯拉夫化的影響，古巴爾幹語言到現代僅存的孑遺是希臘語和阿爾巴尼亞語，後者來自伊利里亞語、色雷斯語、達契亞語或其他相關語言。^[1]^[2]^[3]

系屬分類

阿爾巴尼亞語在古巴爾幹語族內的位置，基於Brian D. Joseph & Adam Hyllested (2022).

原始印歐語
- 古巴爾幹語言聯盟^[4]
  - 未分類
    - 伊利里亞語^[5]
      - 規範伊利里亞語（或東南達爾馬提亞語）^[5]^[6]
      - 中達爾馬提亞（或達爾馬提亞-潘諾尼亞）^[5]^[6]
      - (?) 利布爾尼亞語^[5]^[6]
    - 梅薩比語^[7]
    - (?) 達契亞-色雷斯語^[8]
      - 色雷斯語
      - (?) 達契亞-默埃西亞語^[9]^[10]
        達契亞語、默埃西亞語、蓋塔語^[11]
    - (?) 密細亞語
    - 培奧尼亞語
    - 原始阿爾巴尼亞語^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]（是伊利里亞語一部分，還是屬於達契亞-色雷斯語支，還是來自另一種未分類的古巴爾幹語言，仍有爭議）^[16]
  - (?) 希臘-弗里吉亞語^[17]
    - 希臘語族^[18]
      - (?) 古馬其頓語^[19]^[20]^[21]
      - 原始希臘語
        古希臘語（特別是北部方言）^[4]
    - (?) 弗里吉亞語 / 亞美尼亞-弗里吉亞語（弗里吉亞語和原始亞美尼亞語的共同祖先）^[22]

細分假說

伊利里亞語是一組據說是印歐語的語言，其與其他印歐語、與古巴爾幹語（其中許多可能是伊利里亞語的分支）的關係知之甚少，目前仍在研究中。伊利里亞語一般認為是顎音語，但也有噝音的證據。現在伊利里亞語語料的主要信源有傳世文獻中的大量詞彙、民族稱呼、人名、地名、水名等。^[23]

將伊利里亞語和梅薩比語劃到一起的假說已經提出了有一個世紀，仍未被證實。這基於文獻、考古和專名現象的考慮。梅薩比語物質文化與伊利里亞語有許多相似之處；有些梅薩比語人名與伊利里亞語很相似。

將伊利里亞語和利布爾尼亞語、威尼托語劃到一起的假說現在已經不流行，它們可能有較大差別^[24]。

將伊利里亞語和達契亞語、色雷斯語劃在一起，構成色雷斯-伊利里亞語的假說^[25]與以密細亞語代替伊利里亞語位置的達契亞-色雷斯語假說存在競爭。^[26]色雷斯語本身的系屬分類存在很大爭議。

培奧尼亞語的分類地位不明。^[27]有人認為培奧尼亞語就是一種伊利里亞語或色雷斯語。弗里吉亞語則一般認為很接近希臘語。^[28]

古馬其頓語的分類及其與希臘語的關係也不確定。有文獻稱古馬其頓語是一種多利亞希臘語，不過也有可能它們只是形成了語言聯盟。^[29]

阿爾巴尼亞語

現在一般認為阿爾巴尼亞語不來自於希臘語，^[15]歷史與地理證據表明其可能是伊利里亞語，在古典時代基本上分佈在同一片地區。也有假說認為，其來自色雷斯語或達契亞-默埃西亞語。^[2]^[3]^[30]但關於這些語言，現在所知還太少，不足以證明或證偽這些假說。^[31]

另見

參考文獻

^ Simmons, Austin; Jonathan Slocum. Indo-European Languages: Balkan Group: Albanian. Linguistics Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin. [2012-09-08]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-16）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Fortson IV 2011，第446頁.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Villar 1996，第313–314頁.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 2017-12-18: 8. ISBN 978-3-11-053213-5 （英語）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 De Simone 2017，第1868頁.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. 2011: 24. ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9 （英語）.
^ Matzinger 2015，第65–66頁.
^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. Cambridge ancient history. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1970: 840. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.
^ Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge University Press. 1970: 876. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3 （英語）. Such a lexical difference would, however, be hardly enough evidence to separate Daco-Moesian from Thracian [...]
^ Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov. Trakite i technijat ezik [Thacian and their Languages]. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 1977: 282 （保加利亞語）.
^ Price, Glanville. Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000. ISBN 0-631-22039-9. , p. 120
^ Orel, Vladimir. A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian. Brill. 2000: 12. ISBN 978-90-04-11647-4 （英語）.
^ Matasović, Ranko. A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European (PDF). Zagreb. 2019: 39 [2023-10-04]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-09-09）.
^ Matzinger 2017，第1790頁.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 Katicic 2012，第184頁: "And yet we know that it is the continuation of a language spoken in the Balkans already in ancient times. This has been proved by the fact that there are Ancient Greek loan words in Albanian".
^ Hamp 1963，第104頁.
^ Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, M.; Swaine, S. (編). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-924506-2 （英語）.
^ Blažek 2005.
^ Brixhe 2017，第1863頁.
^ Philipp Strazny ed., Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1135455228, p. 116.
^ Olga M. Tomic, Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features, Volume 67, Springer, 2006, ISBN 1402044887, p. 38.
^ I. M. Diakonoff The Problem of the Mushki 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-08-25. in The Prehistory of the Armenian People
^ West, M. L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. OUP Oxford. 2007-05-24: 15. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 （英語）.
^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 183,"We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians...."
^ Cf. Paglia, Sorin (2002),"Pre-Slavic and Pre-Romance Place-Names in Southeast Europe." 'Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Thracology', Sofia, Bulgarian Institute of Thracology – Europa Antiqua Foundation – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, I, 219–229, who states: "According to the available data, we may surmise that Thracian and Illyrian were mutually understandable, e.g. like Czech and Slovak, in one extreme, or like Spanish and Portuguese, at the other."
^ Vladimir Georgiev (1960), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58.
^ Paeonia | historical region. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-05）（英語）.
^ Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), Langues indo-européennes, pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.
^ Masson, Olivier. [Ancient] Macedonian language. Hornblower, S.; Spawforth A. (編). The Oxford Classical Dictionary revised 3rd. USA: Oxford University Press: 905–906. 2003 [1996]. ISBN 0-19-860641-9.
^ Katicic 2012，第184–188頁.
^ Mallory & Adams 1997，第9頁

資料

Blažek, Václav. Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages (PDF). Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity 10. Brno: Masarykova univerzita: 15–33. 2005 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 80-210-3784-9. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-05-09）.
Brixhe, Claude. Macedonian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (編). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2017 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-23）（英語）.
Crossland, R.A.; Boardman, John. "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period" in The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. 1982. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
De Simone, Carlo. Illyrian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (編). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2017 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）（英語）.
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction 2nd. Blackwell Publishing. 2011 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-23）.
Hamp, Eric P. The Position of Albanian, Ancient IE dialects. Henrik Birnbaum; Jaan Puhvel (編). Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963. 1963 [2023-10-04]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-13）.
Harmatta, János. Zum Illyrischen. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 1967, 15: 231–234.
Katicic, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. 2012. ISBN 978-3111568874.
Krahe, Hans. Lexikon altillyrischen Personennamen. Heidelberg. 1929.
Krahe, Hans. Das Venetische: seine Stellung im Kreise der verwandten Sprachen. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. 1950, 3: 1–37.
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor & Francis. 1997. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
Matzinger, Joachim. Messapico e illirico. Idomeneo (University of Salento). 2015, 19: 57–66 [2023-10-04]. ISSN 2038-0313. doi:10.1285/i20380313v19p57. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-24）.
Matzinger, Joachim. The Lexicon of Albanian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (編). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2017 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）（英語）.
Polomé, Edgar Charles. Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian). Cambridge Ancient History III.1. 1982: 866–888.
Rusakov, Alexander. Albanian. Kapović, Mate; Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo (編). The Indo-European Languages. Routledge. 2017: 552–602. ISBN 9781317391531.
Tovar, Antonio. Krahes alteuropäische Hydronymie und die westindogermanischen Sprache. Winter. 1977. ISBN 3-533-02586-1.
Villar, Francisco. Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa. Madrid: Gredos. 1996: 316. ISBN 84-249-1787-1 （西班牙語）.
Wilkes, J. J., The Illyrians, Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing, 1995 [2023-10-04], ISBN 0-631-19807-5, （原始內容存檔於2023-03-19）

閱讀更多

Grbić, Dragana. "Greek, Latin and Palaeo-Balkan Languages in Contact （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）". In: Rhesis International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature Linguistics and Philology 7.1. Atti del Workshop Internazionale 「Contact Phenomena Between Greek and Latin and Peripheral Languages in the Mediterranean Area (1200 B.C. – 600 A.D.)」 Associazione Culturale Rodopis – Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Filologia Letteratura e Linguistica, 13–14 aprile 2015, 2016, 7.1, pp. 56–65.

[1] Simmons, Austin; Jonathan Slocum. Indo-European Languages: Balkan Group: Albanian. Linguistics Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin. [2012-09-08]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-16）.

[FOOTNOTEFortson_IV2011446-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Fortson IV 2011，第446頁.

[FOOTNOTEVillar1996313–314-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Villar 1996，第313–314頁.

[:2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 2017-12-18: 8. ISBN 978-3-11-053213-5 （英語）.

[FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171868-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 De Simone 2017，第1868頁.

[:0-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. 2011: 24. ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9 （英語）.

[FOOTNOTEMatzinger201565–66-7] Matzinger 2015，第65–66頁.

[cambridge_ancient_history-8] Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. Cambridge ancient history. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1970: 840. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.

[9] Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge University Press. 1970: 876. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3 （英語）. Such a lexical difference would, however, be hardly enough evidence to separate Daco-Moesian from Thracian [...]

[10] Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov. Trakite i technijat ezik [Thacian and their Languages]. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 1977: 282 （保加利亞語）.

[price-11] Price, Glanville. Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000. ISBN 0-631-22039-9. , p. 120

[12] Orel, Vladimir. A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian. Brill. 2000: 12. ISBN 978-90-04-11647-4 （英語）.

[MatasovicPeriods-13] Matasović, Ranko. A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European (PDF). Zagreb. 2019: 39 [2023-10-04]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-09-09）.

[FOOTNOTEMatzinger20171790-14] Matzinger 2017，第1790頁.

[Katicic2012-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Katicic 2012，第184頁: "And yet we know that it is the continuation of a language spoken in the Balkans already in ancient times. This has been proved by the fact that there are Ancient Greek loan words in Albanian".

[FOOTNOTEHamp1963104-16] Hamp 1963，第104頁.

[17] Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, M.; Swaine, S. (編). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-924506-2 （英語）.

[FOOTNOTEBlažek2005-18] Blažek 2005.

[FOOTNOTEBrixhe20171863-19] Brixhe 2017，第1863頁.

[20] Philipp Strazny ed., Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1135455228, p. 116.

[21] Olga M. Tomic, Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features, Volume 67, Springer, 2006, ISBN 1402044887, p. 38.

[22] I. M. Diakonoff The Problem of the Mushki 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-08-25. in The Prehistory of the Armenian People

[23] West, M. L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. OUP Oxford. 2007-05-24: 15. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 （英語）.

[24] Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 183,"We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians...."

[25] Cf. Paglia, Sorin (2002),"Pre-Slavic and Pre-Romance Place-Names in Southeast Europe." 'Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Thracology', Sofia, Bulgarian Institute of Thracology – Europa Antiqua Foundation – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, I, 219–229, who states: "According to the available data, we may surmise that Thracian and Illyrian were mutually understandable, e.g. like Czech and Slovak, in one extreme, or like Spanish and Portuguese, at the other."

[26] Vladimir Georgiev (1960), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58.

[27] Paeonia | historical region. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-05）（英語）.

[28] Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), Langues indo-européennes, pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.

[OxfordCD1-29] Masson, Olivier. [Ancient] Macedonian language. Hornblower, S.; Spawforth A. (編). The Oxford Classical Dictionary revised 3rd. USA: Oxford University Press: 905–906. 2003 [1996]. ISBN 0-19-860641-9.

[FOOTNOTEKaticic2012184–188-30] Katicic 2012，第184–188頁.

[31] Mallory & Adams 1997，第9頁

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