便利朗角

便利朗角[1][2](英語:Bennelong Point,或譯班納隆角本尼朗角[3]貝尼朗角[4])是澳洲新南威爾斯悉尼港的一個岬角[5]。自從1970年代以來,便利朗角就因作為悉尼歌劇院的所在地而聞名於世。[6][7]

便利朗角
Bennelong Point
位於便利朗角的地標建築——悉尼歌劇院
位於便利朗角的地標建築——悉尼歌劇院
便利朗角在悉尼中心商業區的位置
便利朗角
便利朗角
便利朗角在悉尼中央區地圖中的位置(圖上紅點)
座標:33°51′24″S 151°12′54″E / 33.8567°S 151.2150°E / -33.8567; 151.2150
位置悉尼,新南威爾斯州,澳洲
屬於悉尼
近海水體南太平洋

歷史

 
被英國殖民者聘為翻譯官的當地原住民「便利朗」(Bennelong)。此地因而得名。

在歐洲人前來定居之前,當地原住民尕迪蓋爾人[註 1][9]將該地區稱為Dubbagullee[10]

十九世紀以前的便利朗角其實是一個小潮汐島[11]。滿潮的時候,其北端與悉尼灣南部的海岸徹底被潮水隔開,而在其他的大部分時候則與海灣連成一體,形成一個半島海岬。便利朗角,或者說「便利朗島」主要由岩石組成,在其西側有一個天然的小海灘。在1788年殖民艦隊剛剛在悉尼灣登陸的最初一段時間內,由於總督亞瑟·菲利普與他率領的的殖民艦隊從開普敦帶來澳洲的第一批牛和馬都被圈養在此處,這個海角被殖民者稱為牛角(Cattle Point)[12]

由於潮汐島的潮間帶很適合貝殼的生長繁殖,便利朗角周圍的淺海內牡蠣眾多,原住民也因此以此為食。登陸後,殖民者發現在該地區散落很多當地原住民長年採集牡蠣肉後隨手丟棄的牡蠣殼[13]。成年累月,幾乎堆積成山。見此情景,抱着資源利用的想法,殖民官員命令隨艦隊到達的流放女囚將這些牡蠣殼重新收集起來,燒成石灰,拌為水泥砂漿以建設這個一窮二白的新殖民地。由於這段往事,這個海角被賦予了殖民者登陸以來的第二個名字:石灰燒工角(Limeburners'Point)[14]。不過在燒完了海角上堆積的所有牡蠣殼之後,生產出來的所有石灰也僅僅勉強夠建起一座建築物——一棟堪堪兩層的政府大樓。 [15]

1790年代初期,被英國殖民者聘為翻譯官的當地原住民「便利朗」(Bennelong)要求時任總督亞瑟·菲利普在此地為他建造一座磚砌小屋作為報酬並以他的名字為此地命名[16]。總督恩准了他的請求,這片海岬從此便定下了「便利朗角」這個沿用至今的名字[17]

1798年12月,威廉·肯特(時任海軍中校)帶領殖民者用卸下的第一殖民艦隊英語First Fleet中「補給號」軍艦(HMS Supply英語HMS Supply[18]的艦炮,在便利朗角的最北端建造了一個半月形的炮台[19],即麥格理堡,以保衛這個新生的脆弱殖民地[20]。麥格理堡經過多次擴建及改造,最終在20世紀伊始退出現役,交由地方當局改建為電車停車場。[21]

在1818年至1821年期間,當地的一個主要功能就是作為殖民地區的採石場[22]。為了開闢出一塊平整的場地並為麥格理堡的建造提供合適的石材,整個海岬上的崎嶇丘陵全部被挖平,潮間帶也全部被採下的岩石所填滿。自此,便利朗角徹底脫離了潮汐島的身份,成為了一個永久的海岬。除了建造堡壘以外,采自便利朗角的一部分石材也被用以修築從悉尼灣農場灣的一條道路。這條當年的石頭小徑,就是現如今悉尼海灣的塔沛安大道(Tarpeian Way)的前身[23]

在此之後,直到1950年代後期因為開工建設悉尼歌劇院而進行了大規模挖掘之前,好幾代人都幾乎遺忘了這個看似天成的海岬其實曾經是一個潮汐島。這個事實終究在為了建設歌劇院而進行的地質調查中被「重新發現」,並通過查閱古籍紀錄被證實。在世界聞名的歌劇院被建造起來之前,便利朗角曾是一個電車站的所在地[24]

圖集

附近

註釋

  1. ^ 關於該土著民族的名稱,英文檔案中有Cadigal, Gadigal和Caddiegal三種拼寫方法。而由此土著民族組成的土著國家被記載稱為Eora, Iyora或Yura。[8]

參考

  1. ^ 歐陽昱. 譯心雕蟲:一個澳華作家的翻譯筆記. 臺北: 釀出版. 2013: 88 [2023-03-28]. ISBN 978-986-5871-53-6. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-29) (中文(臺灣)). Bennelong Point是悉尼歌劇院所在地,網上——估計大約悉尼的華人百姓也是這麼叫的——把它翻譯成「便利朗角」。 
  2. ^ 悉尼歌剧院. 《中國大百科全書》第三版網絡版. [2023-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-31). 
  3. ^ 中國地圖出版社. 澳大利亚地图册. 北京: 中國地圖出版社. 2008: 85. ISBN 7-5031-4627-3. 
  4. ^ 卜愛萍, 魏國富編著. 实用艺术文化英语. 上海: 復旦大學出版社. 2009: 100. ISBN 978-7-309-06736-1. 
  5. ^ 悉尼市旅游指南. https://www.visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/. 2023-03-28. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-21). Once a small island little more than a strong of rocks, the extreme tip of what is now known as Bennelong Point is today the site of one of the world's most well known 20th century buildings - The Sydney Opera House. 
  6. ^ Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. 澳大利亚气候变化环境水文能源部官网关于悉尼歌剧院的世界遗产地位的介绍。World Heritage Places - The Sydney Opera House. https://www.dcceew.gov.au/. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27). 
  7. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 联合国教科文组织关于悉尼歌剧院的介绍以及其入选世界文化遗产的原因。The List - Sydney Opera House. https://whc.unesco.org/. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27). 
  8. ^ King, Robert J. (1986). "Eora and English at Port Jackson: A Spanish View" (PDF). 頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)Aboriginal History. 10 (1): 47–58.「The Aborigines of the Port Jackson area, the Eora (or 『Iyora』) as they called themselves, had tested and felt the strength of the Bereewalgal — the 『people from afar』.」
  9. ^ City of Sydney. Aboriginal histories (html). https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/. [2023-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-01) (英語). There are about 29 clan groups of the Sydney metropolitan area referred to collectively as the Eora Nation. The 『Eora people’ was the name given to the coastal Aboriginal peoples around Sydney. 『Eora』 means 『here’ or 『from this place’. The Gadigal are a clan of the Eora Nation. 
  10. ^ Bennelong Point / Dubbagullee. sydneybarani.com.au. City of Sydney. [2018-09-20]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27). 
  11. ^ Lucy Davidson. 便利朗角的今生前世。Bennelong Point - History and Facts. https://www.historyhit.com/. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27) (英語). Bennelong Point is known to the local indigenous Gadigal people of the Eora nation as Tubowgule. It was originally a small tidal island which was made up of rocks and a small beach. It is located on the tip of the eastern arm of Sydney Cove, and protrudes into Port Jackson (Sydney’s natural harbour). 
  12. ^ Stephen Yarrow. 悉尼湾南端海岸的地理特征。Geographical Features: Sydney Habour Southern Shore.. https://www.visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-17) (英語). The first midden to be used was the one on Cattle Point, which led to it becoming known as Limeburner's Point. 
  13. ^ Stephen Yarrow. 悉尼往事:便利朗岛。Lost Sydney: Bennelong Island (html). Pocket Guide to Sydney. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-21) (英語). Within a year of the colony's founding, the middens or piles of discarded oysters left by generations of aborigines feasting on the shellfish of the harbour began to be burnt and ground down by groups of convicts to make the lime needed for mortar in brick construction. 
  14. ^ 新南威尔士州州立图书馆:悉尼大典(Dictionary of Sydney)--便利朗角。. The Dictionary of Sydney. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-26). 
  15. ^ Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore (paperback 1996). 1987: section 1.iii (page 11), and section 4.ii (page 90). ISBN 1-86046-150-6. 
  16. ^ Keith Vincent Smith. 新南威尔士州州立图书馆:悉尼大典(Dictionary of Sydney)--“便利朗”(Bennelong(Eora man)) (html). The Dictionary of Sydney. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-25) (英語). At Bennelong's request, Phillip built him a brick hut 'on a point of land fixed upon by himself' on the headland at Tubowgulle, now Bennelong Point and the site of the Sydney Opera House. It was 12 feet (3.5 metres) square and had a tiled roof and an external fireplace. Phillip had a tin shield made for Bennelong, to ward off the spears of his enemies'. 
  17. ^ Sydney Opera House. 悉尼歌剧院官网,“悉尼歌剧院的15个不为人知的小细节”,第一条。Interesting facts about the Sydney Opera House - 15 pieces of useful trivia about the beloved building (html). https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-11) (英語). Sydney Opera House sits on Bennelong Point. Bennelong Point was named after Woollarawarre Bennelong, a senior Eora man at the time of the arrival of British colonisers in Australia in 1788. 
  18. ^ Museums of History NSW. 新南威尔士州历史博物馆,“补给号”军舰简介。Museums of History NSW: HMS Supply - Naval ship.. https://mhnsw.au/. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27) (英語). 
  19. ^ The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser. Vanishing Sydney. https://trove.nla.gov.au/. Sydney, NSW, Australia: National Library of Australia: 539. [2023-03-29]. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-20). In a statement of public works for 1798 it is men tioned that a half-moon battery on the extreme end of the point was completed in December, and a few guns from the Supply were mounted by the ship's company. This is the battery M. Peron refers to when he describes Sydney as he saw it 1802. 
  20. ^ David Morgan. 新南威尔士州州立图书馆:悉尼大典(Dictionary of Sydney)--麦夸里堡(Fort Macquarie) (html). The Dictionary of Sydney. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27) (英語). Square castellated fort built on Bennelong Point, incorporating some of the guns taken from HMS Supply. 
  21. ^ Macquarie University. Journeys in Time - FORT MACQUARIE (HTMI). https://www.mq.edu.au/. Macquarie University. [2023-03-29]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-29) (英語). Fort Macquarie was demolished in 1901 to make way for the new electric tramway sheds. The new building was constructed of red brick and sandstone with a facade adorned with crenellated towers, parapets and convex bay walls. It was named the Fort Macquarie Depot and opened on 10 August 1902. It was demolished in 1959 to allow for the construction of the Sydney Opera House. 
  22. ^ Paul Ashton. 新南威尔士州州立图书馆:悉尼大典(Dictionary of Sydney)--东环采石场(East Circular Quay)。 (html). The Dictionary of Sydney. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-27) (英語). hus, while animals grazed on the rocky outcrop, the tip of which was first known as 'Cattle' and later 'Bennelong Point', the initial decisions about the spatial arrangements for the new settlement were to have long-term meaning for the development of the area around Sydney Cove and its immediate environs. Convict, military and some civil establishments were centred on the western side of the cove, and land to the east was reserved for the governor's benefit and for administrative and legal establishments. 
  23. ^ 新南威尔士州州立图书馆:悉尼大典(Dictionary of Sydney)--塔沛安岩石(Tarpeian Rock) (html). The Dictionary of Sydney. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27) (英語). A stairway constructed in the 1880s connects the Sydney Opera House to the top of the rock and Domain and is known as the Tarpeian Way. 
  24. ^ 新南威尔士州州立图书馆:悉尼大典(Dictionary of Sydney)--麦夸里堡电车停车场(Fort Macquarie Tram Depot) (html). The Dictionary of Sydney. [2023-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-27) (英語). Castellated brick building constructed in 1902 on the site of Fort Macquarie on Bennelong Point as a terminus and depot for the city's tram network.