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愛德華·德·卡斯泰爾諾
Édouard de Castelnau
卡斯泰爾諾將軍，攝於1915年
暱稱「戰鬥修士」
出生(1851-12-24)1851年12月24日
 法國聖阿夫里克
逝世1944年3月19日(1944歲—03—19)（92歲）
法國 法國蒙塔斯特呂克-拉孔塞耶爾
軍種法國陸軍
服役年份1870年—1919年
軍銜師級將軍
獲得勳章

諾埃爾·愛德華·馬里·約瑟夫·德·屈里埃·德·卡斯泰爾諾（法語：Noël Édouard Marie Joseph de Curières de Castelnau；1851年12月24日—1944年3月19日），是一位法國陸軍將領，在第一次世界大戰前期西線戰場擔任指揮要職，後成為法國陸軍總參謀長。他被視爲是第一次世界大戰中最出色的將領之一。

卡斯泰爾諾在1870年畢業於聖西爾軍校，但因貴族身份及天主教信仰晉升緩慢，於1906年晉升為旅級將軍。1911年，他成為最高戰爭委員會主席約瑟夫·霞飛的幕僚，負責制定「十七號計劃」。第一次世界大戰爆發後，他指揮第二軍團入侵洛林，被擊敗後一路撤回本土，然後穩住陣腳擊退德軍進攻。馬恩河戰役期間，他在南線戰場再度戰勝德軍。1915年6月22日，他被任命為中央集團軍司令。1915年12月12日，他成為法國陸軍總參謀長，在凡爾登戰役中做出突出貢獻。1916年底，他被任命為東方集團軍司令直到戰爭結束。之後，他積極擴大天主教的影響力，並在二戰期間幫助法國抵抗運動。

生平

早年

愛德華·德·卡斯泰爾諾於1851年12月24日出生在法蘭西共和國聖阿夫里克的一個貴族家庭，父親米歇爾·德·卡斯泰爾諾（Michel de Castelnau）是當地市長，母親瑪麗·安東寧·萊奧妮·巴爾特·德·芒代古（Marie Antonine Léonie Barthe de Mandegourg）是一名家庭主婦，他在五個孩子中排行第三。當他得以閱讀後，他被父母送往當地的聖加百列耶穌會學校學習，然後前往聖西爾軍校中學就讀[1]。1870年8月14日，卡斯泰爾諾從聖西爾軍校畢業，在普法戰爭中服役於盧瓦爾河軍團[1][2]:405。德法停戰後，他參與鎮壓巴黎公社，然後被晉升為中尉[1]。

After the war, he served as a lieutenant and then captain in various regiments before joining the École de Guerre in 1879. Assigned to the Army Staff in Paris in 1893, he headed the 1er bureau[3] in 1897. His career was delayed for the first time when the polemicist Urbain Gohier, in an article in L'Aurore,[4] revealed that he was the descendant of an emigrant, who had fought in the army of the Prince of Condé during the Revolution. In 1900, he was the target of the new Minister of War, General André, who wanted to dismiss him from the army because of his aristocratic origins and his Catholicism. According to André, Castelnau did not have the republican profile that he wanted to impose on the army. The Chief of Staff, General Delanne, opposed this decision and appointed Castelnau to command the 37th Infantry Regiment in Nancy and then resigned. That led to the government being questioned in the French Chamber of Deputies and the French Senate.[5] The minister took his revenge by keeping Castelnau in that post for five years, twice the usual length of time in that type of command. He also ensured that Castelnau was not promoted to general despite his record of service, but the affair of the files would revive his career. General André was forced to resign and a few months later, on 25 March 1906, at the request of Paul Doumer,[6] Castelnau was promoted to General de Brigade. He successively commanded a Brigade at Sedan, then at Soissons. On 21 December 1909, he became a General de Division (equivalent to the English language rank of major general), which put him under the command of General Joseph Joffre for the first time. Joffre commanded the army corps on which the 13th Division of Chaumont depended, which Castelnau inherited. Both men got to know each other, and when Joffre was appointed head of the French Army on 2 July 1911, he insisted on having Castelnau at his side. Castelnau took the title of First Deputy Chief of Staff. His main task was to devise a new plan for mobilising and concentrating the French armies in the event of war, Plan XVII. In 1912, he was confirmed in his position as Chief of Staff and replaced General Dubail. By the decree of 30 October 1913, he was then appointed to the Conseil supérieur de la guerre and do he would take command of 2nd French Army in the event of conflict. In 1913, Castelnau found himself largely exposed to the violent debate that accompanied the Three Years' Law. Indeed, when Plan XVII was drawn up, it quickly became clear that military manpower had to be increased in peacetime. The only way to achieve that was to extend military service by an additional year, but almost two thirds of the radical and socialist deputies were fiercely opposed to the prospect of a three-year service. Led by Jean Jaurès, opposition to the bill quickly took a passionate turn. Castelnau, who was considered to have inspired the text, became the bête noire of the opponents, especially as the text was finally voted on 19 July 1913. Resentment towards Castelnau on the part of the radical-Socialist Party continued until the end of his life. Georges Clemenceau, although in favour of the law, immortalised tat antagonism by giving Castelnau nicknames like the "Fighting Friar", which have become legendary.

第一次世界大戰

1914年8月，第一次世界大戰爆發，德意志帝國駐法大使威廉·馮·舍恩（英語：Wilhelm von Schoen）遞交對法宣戰書，德軍開始實行戰略進攻計畫「施里芬計畫」，經低地地區入侵法國[7]:53。法軍總司令霞飛並未打算立即發動作戰，他雖然知道德軍的主攻方向是比利時，但因為法俄同盟之間的戰略合作，他決定在8月14日對阿爾薩斯-洛林發動牽制攻勢，以配合俄羅斯帝國在東線的攻勢[7]:56。8月14日，卡斯泰爾諾指揮的法國第二軍團及法國第一軍團對洛林發動輔助攻勢，意圖德軍引向南方，幫助第三軍團及第四軍團擊垮德軍中央，威嚇正在比利時進軍的德軍右翼[7]:57。第一軍團派遣兩個軍進入孚日山脈、兩個軍向薩爾堡推進，而第二軍團則派遣兩個軍部署在前者左側、剩餘部隊向莫朗日推進，兩軍團在第一天都進展順利[7]:60[8]:78。法軍接下來幾天繼續向前推進，直到8月20日德軍發動反攻，法軍被迫一路撤回本土。8月24日，德軍經沙爾姆峽向法軍進攻，法軍正面部隊擋住攻勢，同時法軍側翼成功迂迴德軍，迫使德軍向後撤。之後，卡斯泰爾諾的部隊數次被霞飛抽調至北線，幫助正在進行的馬恩河戰役。即使如此，卡斯泰爾諾仍擋住德軍的新一波攻勢，被稱為「南錫守護者」。

1914年9月18日，卡斯泰爾諾被授予法國榮譽軍團大軍官勳章，然後被霞飛調任至指揮北線第六軍團左側的集群[9]。9月20日，德軍進攻法國第六、第五、第三軍團，但霞飛專注於法國第二軍團對德的側翼進攻。9月24日，第二軍團包抄德軍右翼失敗，迫使霞飛繼續抽調部隊支援該部。10月2日，卡斯泰爾諾告知霞飛他們將放棄里爾，霞飛對此非常不滿，將第二軍團左側的集群升格為第十軍團，並任命原第九軍團司令福煦為第二軍團及第十軍團的總司令[9]。之後，協約國軍與德軍都無法包抄對方，雙方重新部署部隊，結束「奔向大海」[10]。

From November 1914 onwards, the fighting in Belgium and France took the form of trench warfare. Implementing new tactical principles, notably by launching his infantry under the protection of a rolling artillery barrage, Castelnau won a victory at Le Quesnoy-en Santerre.[11] From early 1915, he advocated adopting a defensive attitude on the French front until he had enough heavy artillery to break through the German defences and, in the meantime, to launch a major offensive in the Balkans. His idea was supported by President Raymond Poincaré and Foreign Minister Aristide Briand but opposed by Joffre and the GQG.[12]

In June 1915, he was placed at the head of the Centre Army Group (GAC) and led the Champagne Offensive of 25 September 1915. In a few days, he took 25,000 prisoners and 125 guns, but disrupted by continuous rain, the offensive did not lead to a strategic victory. After that feat of arms, he was made a Grand Croix de la Legion d'Honneur on 8 October 1915 and, two months later, on 11 December 1915, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the French Armies, a position that he held throughout 1916. In that position, he assisted Generalissimo Joffre. He made a decisive contribution to the Battle of Verdun. Contrary to the majority of officers in the GQG, who did not believe in a German offensive there,[13] he feared one and intervened to reinforce the town's defences and had XX Army Corps in Bar-le-Duc put on alert so that it could be used as reinforcements in the event of a German attack, which began on 21 February 1916. After three days of fighting, the French defences were in the process of giving way, and Castelnau went to Verdun and took the crucial decisions that would allow the resistance to take hold. He appointed General Philippe Pétain and reorganised the local command.[14] Throughout the nine months of the battle, he intervened during the most critical episodes.[15] After six weeks of fighting, he decided to appoint General Robert Nivelle, with Pétain taking command of the Centre Army Group (GAC). In November 1916, against the advice of the officers around Joffre, he ordered the last offensive and turning the long battle into a French victory.[16]

Due to his position as Chief of Staff Castelnau played a leading role in the design of the Battle of the Somme. He supervised the plans prepared by the French GHQ for this battle and he took part in the preparatory meetings held with Joffre, Haig and Robertson.[17] In theory, he should have been involved as well in the decisions to be made on a tactical level itself as he did at Verdun. However, Joffre had in fact excluded him from the conduct of this battle. As the British ambassador to France, Lord Bertie, noted, Joffre feared that the government would replace him with Castelnau as Generalissimo. He therefore avoided as far as possible offering him the opportunity to showcase his skills, as had been the case at Verdun. This sidelining was to have the most serious consequences. At the inception of the battle, while on the right bank of the Somme, the British were facing important difficulties, the French were very successful on the left bank. Over an area measuring more than 10 kilometres, they had captured all the German lines of defence. German troops had disappeared, leaving behind dozens of guns, including all their heavy ones. Immediately, Castelnau indicated that it was necessary to exploit this breakthrough and to attack toward the south. Few weeks ago, he had forecasted this scenario and prepared the corresponding instructions.[18] But it would take Joffre almost one week to have them executed. His hesitations, which are still not explained today, gave the Germans an unexpected delay which they took advantage of to bring in reinforcements and dig trenches. When Joffre finally confirmed the attack orders prepared by Castelnau, it was a failure. This mistake deprived the Allies of a great victory that could have allowed them to shorten this war. Joffre and the French generals were careful not to mention it in their memoirs and blamed it on the British military leaders.

In December 1916, Joffre was replaced as commander-in-chief of the armies. Nivelle was chosen to succeed him, with Joffre being elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. The post of Chief of Staff of the Armies was abolished, and Castelnau was appointed to command the Eastern Army Group. However, that sector of the front, where his units operated, was the least active. On 25 June 1917, he received the military medal. In the spring of 1918, taking advantage of the Russian withdrawal from the conflict after the Bolshevik Revolution, the Germans brought all their forces back to France and Belgium and then launched a series of major offensives that were on the way to making them victorious. The armies under Castelnau's command did not play a leading role during that period. On the other hand, as the Franco-British troops, reinforced by the American contingent, regained the initiative during the summer, he was appointed to prepare a decisive manoeuvre in Lorraine.[19] In that sector, the weakness of the German position suggested a major success that could hasten the end of the war. Castelnau did not experience a new victory until two days later. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 suspended his attack, which would probably have taken him deep into Germany. Despite the additional losses that would have caused ("I know only too well the bitterness of the tears shed on the graves", he wrote to his family and thought of his three sons, Gerald, Xavier and Hugues, who had been killed in the war), Castelnau believed that the Allies should not have signed the armistice prematurely.[20]

戰間期

He made a solemn entry into Colmar on 22 November 1918 during the celebrations for the town's liberation. On that occasion, the press around the world announced his elevation to the dignity of a marshal, but the government refused.[21] However, public opinion demanded it, as was shown by the ovation that he received on 14 July 1919 when he marched on the Champs Élysées. As he passed, the crowd began to chant, "Maréchal! Maréchal!"[22] It demanded for him to be elevated to the marshalate as Joffre, Foch and Pétain had been. Like the other great military leaders of the Great War, he was the object of many honours. In the city of Lyon, Mayor Édouard Herriot, although very anticlerical, welcomed him with a speech of rare emphasis and stated, "Your victory, your unique victory at the Grand Couronne will become classic like that of Thermopylae in the past. I compare you to that great leader, Turenne, whose figure shines in our History as one of the noblest, simplest and purest of our race and our time".[23]'

Castelnau entered Parliament in November 1919 as a deputy for Aveyron, within the majority right-wing Republican Federation (that Assembly was known as the Horizon Blue Chamber as so many deputies were military veterans). He was elected President of the Army Committee. In that capacity, he left his mark on the legislature by having an 18-month term of military service adopted on 23 April 1923. It was undoubtedly his active participation in political life that prompted the government of Aristide Briand and War Minister Louis Barthou to remove him from the new list of Marshals announced on 19 February 1921. Indeed, in the eyes of many parliamentarians, including Léon Blum, Castelnau was becoming more and more of a national leader.[24] The blocking of Castelnau's promotion triggered a questioning of the government in the National Assembly. Despite a strong movement of public opinion, as shown by the poll carried out by the daily newspaper Le Journal in favour of his nomination, Castelnau was never made Marshal.[25] Clemenceau himself was surprised: "I would have been neither surprised nor upset to see the name of General de Castelnau among the six Marshals of France. It is regrettable that he has been forgotten and it is to us and not to him that this oversight does the greatest harm"[26]'.

In the 1924 elections, which saw the victory of the Cartel des gauches, he was defeated by the mathematician Émile Borel. Castelnau then wanted to withdraw from public life. However, faced with the resurgence of an anticlerical policy implemented by the new President of the Council (Prime Minister), Édouard Herriot, he launched the idea of a vast national federation of various Catholic movements. The Fédération Nationale Catholique (FNC) was born. It had up to two million members. At its head, he forced the government to abandon its entire anticlerical programme in the face of the large demonstrations that Castelnau organised throughout France. That earned him the detestation of part of the Radical Socialist Party and made him be caricatured as a reactionary and royalist character. His detractors went so far as to accuse him of being anti-Dreyfus although he never spoke publicly or privately about Dreyfus.[27] As for the accusation of anti-Semitism, it is all the more unfounded, as Castelnau was one of the right-wing men who was most respected by the French Jewish community.[28] As well, Castelnau never expressed any preference in terms of political regime. As a deputy, he belonged to not a royalist party but a Republican one. It was not until the early 21st century that contemporary historians such as René Rémond have corrected that image and described him as a moderate right-wing Republican with social ideas ahead of his time.

第二次世界大戰

In June 1940, as soon as the Armistice was announced, he distanced himself from all those who rallied to the Vichy regime. He resigned from his position as president of the FNC and was very critical of the Catholic hierarchy, which he thought was too close to Pétain. All of his private correspondence from the period has survived, which makes it possible to follow and to date his thoughts with precision.[29] He encouraged his two grandsons of fighting age, Urbain de la Croix and Gérald de Castelnau, to join the Free French. The former was killed on 31 March 1945 when he was crossing the Rhine, and the latter was seriously wounded on 16 October 1944 during the French Campaign. Although very old, he actively supported the French Resistance and did not hesitate to hide weapons for Colonel Pélissier's Secret Army (AS).

He died at the Château de Lasserre, in Montastruc-la-Conseillère, on 18 March 1944 and was buried on 21 March in the family vault in Montastruc. During the burial ceremony, the Bishop of Toulouse, Jules-Géraud Saliège, although very handicapped, had himself carried into the church to honour the memory of Castelnau to whom he was very close. These were his last words at the end of the ceremony: "General de Castelnau was for us a support, a pride, a flag".[30]

評價與私人語錄

Like all the great military leaders of the Great War, Castelnau has had his supporters and detractors. The judgement of current historians who describe him as one of the most brilliant and accomplished, if not the most accomplished, general officers of his generation is the same as that of many of his peers. General Maurice Pellé, Major General at the GQG, wrote in July 1915, "General de Castelnau has seen a lot in his career and worked a lot; he knows war. He sees quickly and accurately. His battle preparations are admirable: they are thorough in their detail and leave as little as possible to chance".[31]

The opinion of Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, a member of the Cabinet, is interesting. Comparing Castelnau to the other great French and British military leaders, he said, "Marshal Haig saw nothing, prepared nothing, General Pétain was only concerned with preserving the situation, while General Foch is a sick man, an impulsive man who treats the Divisions like a football ball. The only general to emerge was General de Castelnau, who told me what the Germans were going to do, where they would attack, what parade to take, and all this three months before it happened and that it was happening point by point".[32]' Field Marshal Haig was very admiring of Castelnau's victory at the Battle of the Trouée de Charmes, which he described as an "enormous victory"[33] In his memoirs, Major-General James Harbord of the American Expeditionary Force stated, "It was General de Castelnau, whom many considered the best French general, but a royalist and a Catholic, and therefore suspect. The Americans were very fond of Castelnau, partly because of his aversion to long speeches. Good old Castelnau limited his remarks to raising his glass and wishing that we could soon water our horses together in the Rhine".[34]'

Many of the quotes attributed to Castelnau are apocryphal. On the other hand, there some are attested to by irrefutable documents. For example, Castelnau was quoted as saying "Forward, everywhere, all the way" on 25 August 1914 at the Battle of the Charmes.[35] Colonel Charles à Court Repington, a war correspondent, reported in The Times after his visit to Verdun the words of General de Castelnau: "Rather than submit to German slavery, the whole French race will perish on the battlefield".[36] In his tribute to the army for the newspaper L'Écho de Paris on 14 July 1919, Castelnau wrote, "The French infantry triumphed over this infernal outburst of fury and horror that surpassed anything the human imagination could ever conceive".

Here is his opinion on Pétain and Vichy during the summer of 1940: "More than ever, the armistice seems to me to be ignominious; I can only explain this act by the profound intellectual and moral failure of Pétain, Weygand and Co. In him, senile pride when 'he gives his person to France', defeatism, intellectual weakness compete with cowardice [...] The Marshal's government is awful in its mentality. The path it leads us down will be that of catastrophe".[37]

In 1942, to a priest who had come to bring him a message from Cardinal Pierre-Marie Gerlier asking him to moderate his criticism of the Marshal, Castelnau replied, "So your cardinal has a tongue? I thought he had worn it out licking Pétain's arse".[38]

榮譽

  Légion d'honneur : chevalier (29/12/1891), officier (12/09/1899), commandeur (30/12/1911), grand-officier (18/09/1914), grand-croix (08/10/1915) ;

  Médaille militaire (25/06/17) ;

  Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1870-1871 ;

  Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ;

  Médaille interalliée 1914-1918 ;

  Médaille commémorative de la Grande Guerre;

 

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB);

  Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)

  War Order of Virtuti Militari Pologne) ;

  Grand Cross Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky ( Russia) ;

  Great Cross of Order of the White Eagle ( Russia) ;

  Grand Cross of Order of Saint Stanislaus ( Russia) ;

  Grand Cross of Order of Saint Anna ( Russia) ;

  Croix de guerre (Belgium) ;

  Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)

 Grand Cross Order of St. Gregory the Great Vatican) ;

  Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ministère des Armées. Edouard de Castelnau. Ministère des Armées （法語）. 
  2. ^ Forcade, Olivier. Militaires en République, 1870-1962. Publications de la Sorbonne. 1999. ISBN 978-2859443627 （法語）. 
  3. ^ The department in charge of mobilisation
  4. ^ L'Aurore, 30 juin 1898.
  5. ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France, Revue Universelle, 1901, T1, N1, p. 1171.
  6. ^ President of the Chamber of Deputies
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Doughty, Robert A. Pyrrhic Victory French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Harvard University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0674034310 （英語）. 
  8. ^ 約翰·基根. 一战史. 北京市: 北京大學出版社. 2014. ISBN 978-7301245675 （中文）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Doughty（2008年），第98-100頁
  10. ^ 羅斯圖諾夫（1982年），第335頁
  11. ^ Philpott, William. Bloody victory : the sacrifice on the Somme and the making of the twentieth century. London: Abacus. 2016. ISBN 978-0-349-14265-4. OCLC 958129650. 
  12. ^ Raymond Poincaré, Au service de la France : neuf années de souvenirs, Paris: Plon, 1946, vol. 6, 197, vol. 7, 113 and 128.
  13. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, AFGG4/1/1 annex 237 <  : 'Memorandum in preparation for the meeting of the Allied Commanders-in-Chief on 1 March.'
  14. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, 4/1/1 annex 682 : 'Castelnau appointed Pétain to command all the troops engaged in Verdun.'
  15. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, 4/2/1 annex 1464.
  16. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, 4/3/2-1 annex 1611
  17. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, AFGG 4/2/A2 annex 1151.
  18. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, AFGG 4/2/A2, annex 1322 #2.
  19. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, 7/2 : The offensive campaign of 1918 and the march to the Rhine. 18 July 1918-28 June 1919.
  20. ^ SHD-DITEEX, 1K795/11, Fonds Castelnau, letter to his family, 4/11/1918.
  21. ^ Buat, Edmond; Guelton, Frédéric. Journal du général Edmond Buat. Paris: Perrin. 2015. ISBN 978-2-262-03839-7. OCLC 930946852. .
  22. ^ Gaston Deschamps, 'Le Jour du Triomphe, La Revue des Deux Mondes, 1 August 1919.
  23. ^ Le Rappel, 15 February 1925.
  24. ^ 'Les élections prochaines', La Revue hebdomadaire , May 1924, 34.
  25. ^ "Request for an interpellation on the reasons which prevented the Minister of War from proposing General de Castelnau for the dignity of Marshal of France", L'Écho de Paris, 22 February 1921.
  26. ^ L'Homme Libre, 10 March 1921.
  27. ^ Yves Gras, Castelnau ou l'art de commander 1851-1944, Paris: Denoël, 1990, 54.
  28. ^ L'Univers Israélite, 14 May 1925.
  29. ^ Corinne Bonafoux, op. cit., 351-360.
  30. ^ La Croix, 22 March 1944.
  31. ^ Franc, Claude. Le haut-commandement français sur le front occidental, 1914-1918. Paris: Éditions Soteca. 2012: 139. ISBN 978-2-916385-78-5. OCLC 795756445. 
  32. ^ Extract from letter François-Marsal, Castelnau's papers, SHD 1K795/6.
  33. ^ Garry Sheffield, Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters. 1914 1918, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005, 61.
  34. ^ James G Harbord, Leaves from a war diary, Dodd: Mead, 1931.
  35. ^ Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre I/2/A1 n° 416
  36. ^ La Lanterne, 9 April 1916
  37. ^ Corinne Bonafoux, op. cit., correspondance famille de Castelnau.
  38. ^ Charles d'Aragon, La Résistance sans héroïsme, Paris: Le Seuil, 1977, 25.

Further reading

  • « Édouard de Castelnau », in Dictionnaire des parlementaires français (1889-1940), under the direction ofJean Jolly, PUF, 1960.
  • Victor Giraud, Le Général de Castelnau, Éd. Spes, 1928.
  • Yves Gras, Castelnau, ou l'art de commander : 1851-1944 , Paris, Denoël, 1990, 466 p. ISBN 978-2-207-23673-4, OCLC 243447717.
  • Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Le général de Castelnau au service de la patrie et de la foi », dans Olivier Forcade (dir.), Militaires en république, 1870-1962, les officiers, le pouvoir et la vie publique en France : actes du colloque international tenu au Palais du Luxembourg et à la Sorbonne les 4, 5 et 6 avril 1996, Paris, Publ. de la Sorbonne, coll. « Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe siècles », 1999, 734 p. ISBN 978-2-859-44362-7, OCLC 890165236, lire en ligne [archive]).
  • Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, À la droite de Dieu : la Fédération nationale catholique, 1924-1944, Paris, Fayard, coll. « Nouvelles études contemporaines », 2004, 658 p. ISBN 978-2-213-61888-3, OCLC 255403274.
  • François Cochet (dir.) et Rémy Porte (dir.), Dictionnaire de la Grande Guerre 1914-1918, Paris, Robert Laffont, coll. « Inedit ; Bouquins », 2008, 1120 p. ISBN 978-2-221-10722-5, OCLC 265644254, « Castelnau, général Noël, Joseph, Édouard de Curières de (1851-1944) ».
  • Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Un conservatisme modéré ? Le cas de la Fédération nationale catholique », dans Jacques Prévotat (dir.) et Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers (dir.) et al., Villeneuve d'Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, coll. « Histoire et civilisations », 2013, 485 p. ISBN 978-2-757-40445-4, OCLC 955345140.
  • Jean-Paul Huet, Édouard de Castelnau, 1851-1944 : l'artisan de la victoire, Turquant, Anovi, 2013, 118 p. ISBN 978-2-914818-63-6, OCLC 869875280.
  • Patrick de Gmeline, Le Général de Castelnau (1851-1944). L'homme, le soldat, le chrétien, Janzé, Charles Hérissey Éditions, 2013, 244 p. ISBN 978-2-914417-48-8, OCLC 881255614.
  • Benoît Chenu, Castelnau : « le quatrième maréchal » 1914-1948, Paris, Bernard Giovanangeli éditeur, 2017, 446 p. ISBN 978-2-7587-0204-7, OCLC 1022926635.
  • Léon Zeller, Louis Zeller et Claude Franc (préf. Jean-Louis Georgelin), Souvenirs du maréchal Joffre et du général de Castelnau, Paris, Economica, 2020, 272 p. ISBN 978-2-7178-7102-9.
  • Benoît Chenu, La bataille des cinq empires, Paris, éditions L』Artilleur, 2021, 528 p. (ISBN 978-2810010240, OCLC 2810010242).
  • Benoît Chenu, The Battle of the Five Empires, Paris, Guêche Publishing, 2022, 494 p. (ISBN 978-2-9585377-1-5).


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