1939年白皮書

1939年白皮書，又稱為麥克唐納白皮書，是1936年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人大起義爆發後內維爾·張伯倫領導的英國政府發布的白皮書。 ^[1] 1939年5月23日經英國下議院正式批准。^[2]它是1939年至1948年期間巴勒斯坦託管地的政策性文件。 ^[3]

該白皮書於1939年3月首次起草。 ^[4]白皮書宣告十年內要建立一個獨立的巴勒斯坦國，而且在巴勒斯坦國內要建立起猶太人家園，由阿拉伯人和猶太人共同統治。它還規定五年內猶太人移民數量不應超過75,000人，並規定未來將由阿拉伯人決定是否允許讓更多的猶太人前往巴勒斯坦地區定居（第二部分）。在巴勒斯坦託管地內，除了占5%的區域外，猶太人被限制購買阿拉伯人的土地（第三部分）。

白皮書被阿明·侯賽尼為首的阿拉伯黨派拒絕。但巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯國民防衛黨（英語：National Defense Party (Mandatory Palestine)）接受白皮書^[5]。

位於巴勒斯坦的猶太復國主義團體立即拒絕接受這份白皮書，並發起一場持續數月的反英襲擊活動。 5月18日，猶太人發起大罷工。^[6]

1939年6月，阿明·侯賽尼拒絕了白皮書，一開始就讓阿拉伯高級委員會的其他成員感到「驚訝」。本尼·莫里斯表示，這一有利的提議被拒絕的原因完全是自私的：「因為這並沒有讓他成為未來巴勒斯坦國的掌舵人。」

1940年7月，在與英國代表S.F.紐康姆進行了兩週的會議後，巴勒斯坦阿拉伯代表團的領袖賈邁勒·侯賽尼，以及代表團成員穆薩·阿拉米同意了《白皮書》的條款，並在伊拉克首相努里·賽義德的見證下共同簽署了一份副本。

作為對白皮書的回應，右翼猶太復國主義恐怖組織伊爾貢，開始製定叛亂計劃，驅逐英國人並建立一個獨立的猶太國家。

白皮書中對土地轉讓的規定以及限制移民的條款得以實施，但到了1944年，只有51000名猶太人合法移民至巴勒斯坦地區，這比原計劃中的75,000上限要少。因此英國提出1944年後猶太人可以繼續移民至巴勒斯坦地區，但每月不應超過1,500人，直到達到75,000上限為止^[7]^[8]。1945年12月到1948年期間，英國允許每月可以有1,500名猶太人前往巴勒斯坦地區定居。^[9]

參考文獻

^ Hershel Edelheit, History Of Zionism: A Handbook And Dictionary, （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Routledge ISBN 9780813329819 2000 p.366.
^ Hansard, HC Deb 22 May 1939 vol 347 cc1937-2056 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） and HC Deb 23 May 1939 vol 347 cc2129-97 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; "Resolved, That this House approves the policy of His Majesty's Government relating to Palestine as set out in Command Paper No. 6019."
^ Hansard, HC Deb 18 February 1947 vol 433 cc985-94 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: "We have, therefore, reached the conclusion that the only course now open to us is to submit the problem to the judgment of the United Nations ...
Barnett Janner, Baron Janner（英語：Barnett Janner, Baron Janner） Pending the remitting of this question to the United Nations, are we to understand that the Mandate stands. and that we shall deal with the situation of immigration and land restrictions on the basis of the terms of the Mandate, and that the White Paper of 1939 will be abolished?...
歐內斯特·貝文 No, Sir. We have not found a substitute yet for that White Paper, and up to the moment, whether it is right or wrong, the House is committed to it. That is the legal position. We did, by arrangement and agreement, extend the period of immigration which would have terminated in December, 1945. Whether there will be any further change, my right hon. Friend the Colonial Secretary, who, of course, is responsible for the administration of the policy, will be considering later."
^ Caplan 2015，第114頁: "As it had been made clear from the start, the absence of agreement at the St James's Conference meant that the British were left, after March 17th 1939, to finalise and to enforce their new Palestine policy unilaterally. A White Paper, first drafted in late March, was not published until early May, thus affording Arabs and Jews further opportunities to continue their efforts at influencing the final terms of the proposed British policy."
^ United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 1947. Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly. United Nations. [17 July 2017]. （原始內容存檔於14 September 2016）.
^ A Survey of Palestine - prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Reprinted 1991 by The Institute of Palestine Studies, Washington. Volumes One: ISBN 978-0-88728-211-9. p.54.
^ Kochavi, Arieh J. The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine. Middle Eastern Studies. 1998, 34 (3): 146–167. JSTOR 4283956. doi:10.1080/00263209808701236.
^ Study (30 June 1978): The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part I: 1917-1947 - Study (30 June 1978) 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期29 November 2018., accessdate: November 10, 2018
^ Khalaf 1991，第66頁: "The White Paper was never to be implemented, initially because of Cabinet opposition and then because of preoccupation with the war effort. However, 1939 and the first two years of the war saw a quiet, low key dialogue between the government and Palestinians who were ready to accept the White Paper. But the government's intention was to keep the Arabs placated, encourage the moderates, and continue to talk but promise very little, particularly on the constitutional provisions contained in the White Paper."

[1] Hershel Edelheit, History Of Zionism: A Handbook And Dictionary, （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Routledge ISBN 9780813329819 2000 p.366.

[2] Hansard, HC Deb 22 May 1939 vol 347 cc1937-2056 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） and HC Deb 23 May 1939 vol 347 cc2129-97 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; "Resolved, That this House approves the policy of His Majesty's Government relating to Palestine as set out in Command Paper No. 6019."

[3] Hansard, HC Deb 18 February 1947 vol 433 cc985-94 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: "We have, therefore, reached the conclusion that the only course now open to us is to submit the problem to the judgment of the United Nations ...
Barnett Janner, Baron Janner（英語：Barnett Janner, Baron Janner） Pending the remitting of this question to the United Nations, are we to understand that the Mandate stands. and that we shall deal with the situation of immigration and land restrictions on the basis of the terms of the Mandate, and that the White Paper of 1939 will be abolished?...
歐內斯特·貝文 No, Sir. We have not found a substitute yet for that White Paper, and up to the moment, whether it is right or wrong, the House is committed to it. That is the legal position. We did, by arrangement and agreement, extend the period of immigration which would have terminated in December, 1945. Whether there will be any further change, my right hon. Friend the Colonial Secretary, who, of course, is responsible for the administration of the policy, will be considering later."

[FOOTNOTECaplan2015114-4] Caplan 2015，第114頁: "As it had been made clear from the start, the absence of agreement at the St James's Conference meant that the British were left, after March 17th 1939, to finalise and to enforce their new Palestine policy unilaterally. A White Paper, first drafted in late March, was not published until early May, thus affording Arabs and Jews further opportunities to continue their efforts at influencing the final terms of the proposed British policy."

[5] United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 1947. Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly. United Nations. [17 July 2017]. （原始內容存檔於14 September 2016）.

[Inquiry._p.54-6] A Survey of Palestine - prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Reprinted 1991 by The Institute of Palestine Studies, Washington. Volumes One: ISBN 978-0-88728-211-9. p.54.

[Kochavi-7] Kochavi, Arieh J. The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine. Middle Eastern Studies. 1998, 34 (3): 146–167. JSTOR 4283956. doi:10.1080/00263209808701236.

[un.org-8] Study (30 June 1978): The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part I: 1917-1947 - Study (30 June 1978) 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期29 November 2018., accessdate: November 10, 2018

[FOOTNOTEKhalaf199166-9] Khalaf 1991，第66頁: "The White Paper was never to be implemented, initially because of Cabinet opposition and then because of preoccupation with the war effort. However, 1939 and the first two years of the war saw a quiet, low key dialogue between the government and Palestinians who were ready to accept the White Paper. But the government's intention was to keep the Arabs placated, encourage the moderates, and continue to talk but promise very little, particularly on the constitutional provisions contained in the White Paper."

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