青春期阻斷劑
青春期阻滯劑、激素阻滯劑或荷爾蒙阻斷劑是用於推遲兒童青春期的藥物。最為常用的青春期阻滯劑是促性腺激素釋放激素(簡稱 GnRH)激動劑,例如戈舍瑞林,可抑制包括睾酮和雌激素等性激素的生物合成。[1][2][3]青春期阻滯劑可用於跨性別兒童以延緩其不想要的第二性徵發育,[4]給予跨性別青少年更多的時間探索自己的性別認同。[5]
青春期阻滯劑在青少年人群中的使用得到了八個美國醫療協會、[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]四個澳大利亞醫療協會、[14]英國醫學協會[15]與世界跨性別健康專業協會(WPATH)的支持。[16]歐洲一些醫療團體和國家不鼓勵或限制青春期阻滯劑的使用,[17][18]這其中包括瑞典國家衛生與福利委員會、英國國民保健署和芬蘭。[19][20][18]
醫療使用
延遲或暫時中止青春期很長一段時間以來都被作為對性早熟的兒童的一種醫學治療。[21]自1980年代以來就已有醫生嚴格按照美國食品藥品監督管理局(FDA)的規範使用青春期阻滯劑於治療兒童性早熟;[22]FDA於1993年正式批准使用青春期阻滯劑治療兒童性早熟。[23]青春期阻滯劑也常用於特發性身材矮小的兒童,以促進其長骨發育和提升其成年時的身高。[21]同樣的藥物也被用於治療成年人的子宮內膜異位症、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、多囊卵巢綜合症等多種醫療用途。[24]
青春期阻滯劑可用於防止第二性徵的發育,減緩性器官的生長和性激素的產生[25]並且抑制諸如面部毛髮與喉結等男性特徵和例如乳房發育與月經等女性特徵的發展。[26][27][28]
性別肯定療法
青春期阻滯劑有時被用於跨性別青少年以暫時停止其第二性徵的發育。[4]青春期阻滯劑給予跨性別青少年更多時間以鞏固其性別認同同時確保其不會發育出第二性徵,有助其成年時能更順利地性別轉換至其認同的性別。[5]如果個人之後決定不性別轉換至另一個性別,可以停止使用青春期阻滯劑,讓青春期繼續進行。目前很少已知的性別不安的兒童長期使用荷爾蒙或青春期阻滯劑的副作用。雖然已知短期內青春期阻滯劑是安全且其影響若暫停使用是可逆的。青春期阻滯劑對骨密度、大腦發育以及生育能力等的影響尚不明確。[29][30][31][32]
FDA尚未批准將青春期阻滯劑用於跨性別兒童。[18]兒童醫學中標示外使用很常見,並不意味着藥物的不當、非法或實驗性使用。[33]據醫生布拉德·米勒稱,生產專用於有性別不安的兒童的青春期阻滯劑的製藥公司拒絕向FDA申請批准這些藥物,因為這樣耗資巨大,而且跨性別醫療在政治上十分敏感。[18]
儘管少有研究查驗青春期阻滯劑對非常規性別或跨性別青少年的影響,目前已有的研究普遍表明這些治療相當安全和可逆,且可以改善這些青少年的心理健康。[34][35][36]
2020年一篇發布在《兒童和青少年心理健康》(英語:Child and Adolescent Mental Health)上的一篇研究回顧發現青春期阻滯劑與成年期自殺率降低、情感和心理功能改善、更健康的社交生活等正面結果相關。[29]2020年發布在《兒科學》的一項調查發現青春期阻滯劑的使用與更好的心理健康和一生中更低的自殺念頭的概率相關。[37]2022 年一篇發表於美國醫學會雜誌的研究發現,一群年齡由13至20歲的跨性別青少年的研究對象在使用青春期阻滯劑和性別肯定激素超過12個月後,其中度和重度抑鬱症率降低了60%,自殺率則降低了73%。[38]2022年發表在《柳葉刀》上的一項研究調查了720名使用青春期阻滯劑及激素的青少年,發現其中98%的人在隨訪中還繼續使用激素。[39]
2020年一份受英國衛生及社會關懷部委託的審查發現目前存在的有關青春期阻滯劑對心理健康、生活質量及性別不安的影響的證據質量非常低。[40]芬蘭政府委託的對現有針對跨性別未成年人治療方案的研究回顧發現,目前還沒有基於研究設計的對性別不安未成年人的醫療方案。[41]儘管如此,這份研究作者還是建議在個案基礎上為未成年人提供青春期阻滯劑。[42]
世界跨性別健康專業協會於2022年發布的《跨性別者和性別多樣者的健康照護準則(第八版)》聲明青春期阻滯藥物在醫學上是必要的,建議患者在達到譚納第二階段後就開始使用,並指出縱向數據表明青春期阻滯劑對跨性別患者的正面效果。[43]
目前最長的隨訪研究追隨了一名跨性別男士的人生軌跡。他於1988年13歲時開始使用青春期阻滯劑,後來接受激素療法,再於成年後接受了性別肯定手術。他的健康狀況被醫護人員監測了22年;一直到2010年即他35歲時,他的身體機能都仍然良好而且身體健康。他的代謝、內分泌和骨密度水平都正常,並無任何因青春期阻滯劑造成的對大腦發育的負面影響的跡象。[44]
負面影響
青春期阻滯劑的短期副作用包括頭痛、疲憊、失眠、肌肉酸痛以及乳房組織、情緒和體重的變化。[45]
對骨密度和生育功能的負面影響是使用GnRH激動劑抑制青春期以幫助受性別不安困擾的跨性別青少年的潛在風險之一。[35][46]為防止骨密度降低,醫生建議多運動並攝入鈣和維生素D。[47]此外,若跨性別女性希望接受性別肯定手術,青春期抑制劑可能會使其陰莖發育不全,進而可能對陰道成形術的效果造成負面影響。[48]
目前針對青春期阻滯劑對大腦發育、認知功能、生育能力和性功能的長期影響的研究有限。[18][49][27]2020年一份研究表明,「抑制青春期可能會使大腦組織的關鍵部分在這一敏感時期無法發育」。該研究的作者還補充道:「我們需要高質量的研究來理解這種研究的影響——這些影響在某些方面可能是正面的,而在另一些方面則可能是負面的。」[18][50]2022年,鑽研變性的醫師瑪奇·鮑爾斯稱,兒童若服用青春期阻滯劑並成功阻斷譚納第二階段,那他們便永遠不可能有正常的成人性功能或性高潮。[51]
FDA在2016年要求製藥商在用於治療性早熟兒童的青春期阻滯劑藥物上添加警告標籤,警告使用者:「已有報告稱患者中發生了精神事件」,並將如「哭泣、易怒、急躁、憤怒以及攻擊性」等包括為症狀。這些警告標籤是FDA在收到關於10名有自殺念頭的兒童的報告後添加的,這些報告中包括一例嘗試自殺者。這10名兒童中有一名使用青春期阻滯劑來緩解性別不安的一名14歲青少年。[50]
FDA在2022年報告稱有六例出生指定性別為女性並使用青春期阻滯劑的兒童患特發性顱內高壓的病例。[52]這六名經歷青春期阻滯劑副作用的患者當中有五名使用青春期阻滯劑以治療性早熟,而剩下一名患者則是使用青春期阻滯劑治療性別不安。[53]阿拉巴馬大學伯明翰分校的兒科醫生莫里薩·拉丁斯基博士(英語:Dr. Morissa Ladinsky)是跨性別醫療方面的專家。她稱許多藥物都可能導致特發性顱內高壓的副作用,尤其是口服避孕藥。就報告的六例副作用,拉丁斯基稱其在統計學上不顯著,並沒有太大意義。[54]
瑞典電視台曾於2021年訪問了數個進行性別轉換療程的青少年,發現其中至少13名曾經歷嚴重的副作用,包含肝臟損傷、心理健康等問題。受訪者之一Leo是名女跨男,自11歲起開始服用青春期阻滯劑。治療存在風險,但他的家人沒有被告知。結果發現他患有骨質疏鬆症,且被認為是不可逆的。根據電視台的調查,醫療團隊從未檢查過Leo的骨頭,即使他已服用了青春期阻滯劑4年,約為該藥物建議使用時間的2倍[55][56]。
可用類型
目前青春期阻滯劑有多種選擇,其中包括GnRH激動劑如布舍瑞林、組氨瑞林、亮丙瑞林、那法瑞林、曲普瑞林等。[57][58]GnRH激動劑可用作每日皮下注射、持續1至6個月的長效皮下或肌肉注射、持續12個月的植入物以及每日多次使用的鼻噴霧劑。[57][58] GnRH 拮抗劑也有望成為有效的青春期阻滯劑,但這一點尚未被有足夠的研究支持,其也還未被廣泛應用於此目的。[57][59]大劑量的孕激素,如醋酸甲羥孕酮和醋酸環丙孕酮等在過去曾被作青春期阻滯劑使用,而如今在無法使用GnRH激動劑的情況下也會使用。[57]這些藥物的效果不如GnRH激動劑,且有更多副作用。[57]若保險機構拒絕給跨性別女孩報銷GnRH激動劑,抗雄激素比卡魯胺有時也被用作替代性質的青春期阻滯劑。[60][61]
中樞性青春期阻滯劑(例如GnRH激動劑)對不依賴促性腺激素的外周性性早熟無效。[62]在這種情況下,必須使用對性激素作用或合成的直接抑制劑。[62]順性別女孩外周性性早熟的治療選擇包括酮康唑、芳香酶抑制劑睾內酯、法屈唑、阿那曲唑、來曲唑以及抗雌激素他莫西芬和氟維司群。[62]順性別男孩外周性性早熟的治療選擇則包括抗雄激素比卡魯胺、螺內酯和醋酸環丙孕酮、酮康唑和芳香酶抑制劑睾內酯、阿那曲唑和來曲唑。[62]
法律和政治上的挑戰
青春期阻滯劑對跨性別兒童的使用因其知情同意問題和目前有限的研究而遭到批評。[67]牛津大學社會學系副教授邁克爾·比格斯(英語:Michael Biggs)稱,目前針對青春期阻滯劑對跨性別兒童的影響的研究缺乏透明度或可靠性。[68][69]美國內分泌學會指南呼籲進行更嚴格的安全和有效性評估,並要仔細評估「青少年青春期長期延遲對骨骼健康、性腺功能以及大腦的影響(包括對認知、情感、社會和性發展的影響)」。[36]
社會保守派認為,包括青春期阻滯劑在內的性別肯定醫療屬於虐待兒童和醫學實驗。[70]針對這一看法,《柳葉刀》雜誌2021年的一篇社論指出,「這種立場故意忽視了幾十年來對青春期阻滯劑和激素療法的使用和研究。」[70]但該雜誌另一篇文章則認為未成年變性療程到目前為止仍不夠明確及完善,需要更多的相關研究。[71]
部分反對使用青春期阻滯劑的人士認為,未成年人沒有醫療同意的能力。[68]而一些支持使用青春期阻滯劑的人士則認為在許多情況下青春期阻滯劑在心理與發展方面的益處足夠大,權衡下來知情同意問題的缺陷並不應作為避免用青春期阻滯劑的理由。[72]2019年一篇研究呼籲使用「多學科、分階段的辦法」以「確保有意義的同意」。[73]而上文提到的2021年社論則指出,「如今不成比例地強調未成年人沒有提供醫療同意的能力是毫無意義的,因為正如其他任何醫療同意一樣,父母的同意是必須的」、「從倫理上講,重要的是一個人是否有充足的理由要接受某種治療」。[70]生物倫理學家毛拉·普利斯特認為即使沒有父母允許,使用青春期阻滯劑也可以緩解任何對跨性別兒童家庭關係的負面影響。她認為提供獲取青春期阻滯劑的途徑是有好處的,尤其是考慮到未經治療的兒童性別不安往往會造成心理上的負面影響。[72]加拿大生物倫理學家佛羅倫斯·阿什利認為對跨性別兒童的父母進行輔導和教育工作也有利於家庭關係的改善。[74]
一項研究發現,青春期阻滯劑可以降低抑鬱症的風險並減少行為問題。[48]反對者則認為潛在的負面「影響可能太過微小,因此在後續治療過程中僅通過臨床評估無法被觀察到」。[48]
反對青少年使用青春期阻滯劑的人認為,該年齡段的性別認同仍在波動中,阻滯劑的使用可能會干擾性別認同的形成和自由性行為的發展,因此他們認為青春期後的去性別轉換率很高。[48]目前已有的研究多顯示去性別轉換率很低;但現有關於去性別轉換的研究仍不成熟。英國2019年一份調查顯示在2016年8月到2017年8月之間3398位訪問了英國一家性別認同診所的患者中,只有16人(0.47%)表達了後悔之意或已去性別轉換,而其中10人(0.29%)僅暫時去性別轉換,之後又再次進行性別轉換;16人中只有3人(0.09%)永久性地去性別轉換。[75]但一份2021年針對100名去性別轉換者的線上調查研究顯示,約有55%的受訪者認為自己在性別轉換時並未得到醫生或心理專家的充分評估,而有60%的受訪者因認同自己的出生性別而去性別轉換;[76]亦有另一項線上調查237名不再認同為跨性別者的去性別轉換者的研究,受訪者當中有70%的人表示他們的性別不安與其他問題有關,且有50%的受訪者認為性別轉換對自己的不安並無幫助。[77]而2021年一項研究通過社群組織招募了2242名仍繼續認同為跨性別者或是性別多樣化者的去性別轉換者,其中絕大部分人稱其去性別轉換的部分原因是外部因素,例如來自家庭的壓力、性侵犯以及學校環境的不支持;另一個常見的原因則是「它(性別轉換)對我來說實在是太難了」。[78]2022年發表於柳葉刀雜誌上一份研究調查了荷蘭阿姆斯特丹720名在青春期時期開始性別肯定激素治療的人,發現其中704人(98%)在成年後繼續接受激素治療。[79]
2021年4月,美國阿肯色州通過了一項禁令,禁止使用青春期阻滯劑18歲以下的未成年人,但該禁令生效一周前被一名聯邦法官暫時阻止。[80][81]2022年4月,美國亞拉巴馬州通過一項禁令,禁止19歲以下的未成年人獲取青春期阻滯劑,且將醫生給未成年人開青春期阻滯劑處方定為重罪,最高可判十年監禁。[82]這一禁令於生效幾天前被一名聯邦法官部分阻止。[83][84]2022年8月,美國佛羅里達州禁止聯邦醫療補助涵蓋性別肯定醫療,其中包括青春期阻滯劑。[85]2023年4月,密蘇里州總檢察長發布一項命令,規定任何使用青春期阻滯劑或變性手術者須持有連續3年的性別不安證明,以及精神科醫生18個月的治療。[86]
醫學組織的立場
美國醫學會(AMA)[6]、美國兒童與青少年精神醫學會(AACAP)[7]、美國兒科學會(AAP)[8]、美國精神醫學學會(APA)[9]、美國內分泌學會[10]、兒科內分泌學會(PES)[87]、美國婦產科醫師學會(ACOG)[11]、美國心理學會(APA)[12]、美國醫師協會(ACP)[88]、美國家庭醫生學會(AAFP)[88]、美國骨科協會(AOA)[88]、美國護士協會(ANA)[31]、美國跨性別健康專業協會(USPATH)[89]、世界跨性別健康專業協會(WPATH)等醫療組織皆反對針對青春期阻滯劑的禁令。[16]澳洲皇家醫師學院(RACP)、澳大利亞皇家全科醫師學院(RACGP)、澳大利亞內分泌學會(ESA)、澳大利亞跨性別健康專業協會(AusPATH)等醫療組織也都支持提供青春期阻滯劑。[14]在英國,英國醫學會也同樣支持提供青春期阻滯劑。[15]
歐洲部分醫學團體不鼓勵或限制使用青春期阻滯劑。[17]英格蘭和威爾士高等法院在貝爾訴塔維斯托克案中裁定16歲以下兒童沒有能力對青春期阻斷劑作出知情同意;該裁決於2021年9月被英格蘭和威爾士上訴法院所推翻。2021年3月,瑞典第二大醫院系統的管理者卡羅林斯卡學院宣布將停止向16歲以下青少年提供青春期阻滯劑或跨性別激素,但不包括獲批准的臨床試驗。[90]2022年2月22日,瑞典國家衛生與福利委員會瑞典國家衛生與福利委員會表示青春期阻滯劑只應在特殊情況下使用,並稱其科學支持薄弱且可能帶來健康上的隱憂。[19]不過,瑞典的其他醫療服務機構繼續提供青春期阻滯劑;在瑞典,臨床醫生的專業判斷決定推薦或不推薦何種治療。與阿拉巴馬州和阿肯色州不同,這種治療本身並不被禁止,而是作為瑞典國家醫療保健服務的一部分提供。[19][91][92]
法國國立醫學科學院於2022年2月發表聲明,認為青春期阻滯劑和激素替代療法可能會對青少年產生嚴重的副作用,因此需要謹慎考慮使用。而同一篇聲明還將近年出櫃的跨性別者的增加歸為社交媒體的影響[93]
據英國廣播公司「女性時間」報道,英國國民保健署(NHS)於2020年6月30日修改了其網站上顯示的關於青春期阻滯劑效果的可逆性以及其在治療未成年人性別不安的使用的相關信息。[94] NHS刪除了「GnRH類似物的治療效果是完全可逆的」的字樣,並以「目前激素或青春期阻滯劑對有性別不安的兒童的長期副作用尚不明確。儘管性別認同發展服務(GIDS)稱該療法在物理上可以逆轉,但其心理影響尚不明確。激素阻滯劑對青少年大腦發育或兒童骨骼的影響也尚不明確。其副作用可能包括潮熱、疲乏以及情緒變化。」[94]
公眾意見
LGBT服務機構特雷弗項目和美國晨間諮詢公司在2022年2月發起的一項民意調查發現,52%的美國成年人表達了不同程度的對給跨性別未成年人在有醫生建議和父母支持的前提下提供青春期阻滯劑的支持。[95][96]
《PBS新聞一小時》、《全國公共廣播電台》與馬里斯特民調2021年4月一份問題為「您是否支持立法禁止未成年人的性別轉換相關醫療」的調查發現66%的美國人反對立法禁止性別轉換醫療,其中包括69%的民主黨人,70%的共和黨人以及64%的獨立人士。[97]
外部連結
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"Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors, such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "iIt was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.
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the effects of treatment with GnRH analogues are considered to be fully reversible, so treatment can usually be stopped at any time after a discussion between you, your child and your MDT (multi-disciplinary team)," "the effects of treatment with GnRH analogues are considered to be fully reversible, so treatment can usually be stopped at any time after a discussion between you, your child and your MDT (multi-disciplinary team),
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