竹葉青蛇屬
蝰科的一属爬行动物
竹葉青屬（學名：Trimeresurus），又名竹葉青蛇屬、青竹絲屬，是蝰蛇科的其中一屬，主要分布在亞洲的印度、東南亞、中國以及太平洋上的島嶼，共有三十多種，台灣話稱為青竹絲，屬於破壞血小板凝固功能的出血性毒蛇。
竹葉青蛇屬
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| 白唇竹葉青（Trimeresurus albolabris） | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 爬蟲綱 Reptilia |
| 目： | 有鱗目 Squamata |
| 亞目： | 蛇亞目 Serpentes |
| 科： | 蝰科 Viperidae |
| 亞科： | 蝮蛇亞科 Crotalinae |
| 屬： | 竹葉青蛇屬 Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 |
| 種 | |
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約30種，詳見內文。 | |
| 異名 | |
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特徵
竹葉青蛇是具管牙、頰窩的毒蛇。牙較大，但沒有蝰蛇牙大。頭三角形，吻尖。尾巴後面紅了一節，這是與翠青蛇最明顯的區別。南亞採茶時傳職業傷害被此蛇咬到手指。
血循毒為主，平均一次排毒5毫克。人致死劑量100毫克。
分類及分布
廣泛分布於除北亞、中亞、西亞和日本以外所有的亞洲，常見攀附在竹叢上。
截止2022年6月1日，根據reptile-database中的數據，本屬包含43種：[1]
- 白唇竹葉青 Trimeresurus albolabris (Gray, 1842)
- Trimeresurus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal 2006[2]
- 安氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus andersonii (Theobald, 1868)
- 藏南竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus arunachalensi Captain, Deepak, Pandit, Bhatt & Athreya, 2019
- Trimeresurus ayeyarwadyensis Chan, Anuar, Sankar, I.T. Law, I.S. Law, Shivaram, Christian, Mulcahy & Malhotra, 2023[3]
- Trimeresurus buniana Grismer, Grismer & McGuire 2006[4]
- Trimeresurus calamitas Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022[5]
- 堪氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus cantori (Blyth, 1846)
- 豆蔻竹葉青 Trimeresurus cardamomensis (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)[6]
- 飾尾竹葉青 Trimeresurus caudornatus Chen，Ding，Vogel & Shi, 2020
- Trimeresurus ciliaris Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov, 2023[7]
- Trimeresurus cyanolabris Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Bragin, Pawangkhanant, Le, Vogel, David & Poyarkov, 2024 [8]
- 戴氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus davidi Chandramouli, Campbell & Vogel, 2020
- 緬甸竹葉青 Trimeresurus erythrurus (Cantor, 1839)
- 條紋竹葉青 Trimeresurus fasciatus （Boulenger, 1896)
- 菲律賓竹葉青 Trimeresurus flavomaculatus (Gray, 1842)
- 台灣竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus gracilis Oshima, 1920，台灣竹葉青
- 岡氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus gumprechti (David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 2002)
- 古氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus gunaleni Vogel, David & Sidik, 2014
- 滇南竹葉青 Trimeresurus guoi Chen, Shi, Vogel & Ding, 2021[9]
- 哈氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus hageni (Lidth De Jeude, 1886)
- 鴻山竹葉青 Trimeresurus honsonensis (Grismer, Ngo & Grismer, 2008)
- 巽他竹葉青 Trimeresurus insularis Kramer, 1977
- 坎布里竹葉青 Trimeresurus kanburiensis (Smith, 1943)
- Trimeresurus kirscheyi Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022[5]
- Trimeresurus kraensis Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Tawan, Chanhome, Nguyen, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 2024[10]
- 圭布里竹葉青 Trimeresurus kuiburi Sumontha, Suntrarachun, Pauwels, Pawangkhanant, Chomngam, Iamwiriyakul & Chanhome, 2021
- 尼科巴竹葉青 Trimeresurus labialis (Steindachner, 1867)
- Trimeresurus lanna Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Mirza, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 2024[11]
- 大眼竹葉青 Trimeresurus macrops (Kramer, 1977)[6]
- 馬氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus malcolmi (Loveridge, 1938)
- 瑪亞竹葉青 Trimeresurus mayaae Rathee, Purkayastha, Lalremsanga, Dalal, Biakzuala, Muansanga & Mirza, 2022[12]
- 麥氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus mcgregori Taylor, 1919
- 墨脫竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus medoensis (Zhao, 1977)，墨脫竹葉青
- 格莫爾達竹葉青 Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870
- 雲斑竹葉青 Trimeresurus nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004
- 普吉竹葉青 Trimeresurus phuketensis Sumontha, Kunya, Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011
- 坡普竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus popeiorum Smith, 1937
- Trimeresurus puniceus Boie, 1827[2]，為 Craspedocephalus puniceus (Boie, 1827)的異名
- 紅樹竹葉青 Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus (Gray in Gray & Hardwicke, 1832)
- 紅眼竹葉青 Trimeresurus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)
- 沙巴竹葉青 Trimeresurus sabahi Regenass & Kramer, 1981
- 薩氏竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande & Patel, 2020
- 舒氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus schultzei (Griffin, 1909)
- 克拉竹葉青 Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Kramer, 1977)
- 四川竹葉青 Trimeresurus sichuanensis (Guo & Wang, 2011)
- 赤尾青竹絲 Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Schmidt, 1925)[13]
- 蘇門答臘竹葉青 Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822)[14]
- 西藏竹葉青 Trimeresurus tibetanus Huang, 1982
- 越南竹葉青 Trimeresurus truongsonensis Orlov, Ryabov, Thanh & H Cuc, 2004
- Trimeresurus uetzi [15]
- 泰國竹葉青 Trimeresurus venustus (Vogel, 1991)
- 沃氏竹葉青 Trimeresurus vogeli (David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001)
- Trimeresurus whitteni Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022[5]
- Trimeresurus wiroti Trutnau, 1981 [2]
- 盈江竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus yingjiangensis Chen, Zhang, Shi, Tang, Guo, Song & Ding, 2019
- 雲南竹葉青 Trimeresurus yunnanensis (Schmidt, 1925)
2004年，英國班戈大學的阿妮塔·馬爾霍特拉（Anita Malhotra）和羅傑·S·索普（Roger S Thorpe）結合半陰莖形態、鱗片特徵和分子生物學證據，對廣義的竹葉青屬進行了系統學研究，認為廣義的竹葉青屬不是一個單系，恢復腺蝮屬（Cryptelytrops）、等蝮屬（Parias）和奇盾蝮屬（Peltopelor）3屬，新建了喜山蝮屬（Himalayophis）、坡普蝮屬（Popeia）和綠蝮屬（Viridovipera）3屬。[16][17]但是也有學者認為被拆分的諸屬實際上是竹葉青屬的亞屬。[18]
參考文獻
- ^ Reptarium.cz Reptile Database 中的 Trimeresurus
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot; Vijayakumar, S.P.; Vidal, Nicolas. 2006. A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus – complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa. 1293:1-78
- ^ Kin Onn Chan, Shahrul Anuar, Ananthanarayanan Sankar, Ingg Thong Law, Ing Sind Law, Rasu Shivaram, Ching Christian, Daniel G. Mulcahy and Anita Malhotra. 2023. A New Species of Pit-viper from the Ayeyarwady and Yangon regions in Myanmar (Viperidae, Trimeresurus). ZooKeys. 1186: 221-234. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1186.110422
- ^ Grismer L. L., Grismer J. L. & McGuire J. A., 2006. A new species of pitviper of the genus Popeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia. Zootaxa. 1305: 1-19.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Gernot Vogel, Patrick David and Irvan Sidik. 2022. A Review of the Complex of Trimeresurus hageni (Lidth de Jeude, 1886) (Squamata: Viperidae) with Descriptions of Three New Insular Species from Indonesia. TAPROBANICA. 11(2); 54–83. DOI: 10.47605/tapro.v11i2.283
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Malhotra, A., R. S. Thorpe, Mrinalini and B. L. Stuart. 2011. Two new species of pitviper of the genus Cryptelytrops Cope 1860 (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Southeast Asia. Zootaxa. 2757: 1–23. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt02757p023.pdf （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- ^ Sabira S. Idiiatullina, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Tanapong Tawan, Thanawut Worranuch, Bunyarit Dechochai, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Tan Van Nguyen, Lawan Chanhome and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2023. Limestone Jewel: A New colourful Karst-dwelling Pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Trimeresurus) from the poorly explored borderlands of southern peninsular Thailand. Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 697-716. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e109854
- ^ Sabira S. Idiiatullina, Tan Van Nguyen, Andrey M. Bragin, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Dac Xuan Le, Gernot Vogel, Patrick David and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2024. A New Species of Green Pitviper of the Trimeresurus macrops complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) from South Central Coastal Region of Vietnam. Zootaxa. 5474(4); 375-411. DOI: doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5474.4.3
- ^ Zening CHEN, Shengchao SHI, Jun GAO, Gernot VOGEL, Zhaobin SONG, Li DING and Rong DAI. 2021. A New Species of Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Squamata: Viperidae) from Southwestern China, Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar. Asian Herpetological Research. 11(4); 1-11. DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.200084
- ^ Sabira S. Idiiatullina; Parinya Pawangkhanant, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Tanapong Tawan, Lawan Chanhome, Tan Van Nguyen, Patrick David, Gernot Vogel and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2024. Another New Species of Karst-associated Pitviper (Serpentes, Viperidae: Trimeresurus) from the Isthmus of Kra, Peninsular Thailand. European Journal of Taxonomy. 930(1), 20–52. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.930.2489
- ^ Sabira S. Idiiatullina, Tan Van Nguyen, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Lawan Chanhome, Zeeshan A. Mirza, Patrick David, Gernot Vogel and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2024. An Integrative Taxonomic Revision of the Trimeresurus popeiorum group of Pitvipers (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Vertebrate Zoology. 74: 303-342. DOI: 10.3897/vz.74.e113347
- ^ Yashpal Singh Rathee, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Siddharth Dalal, Lal Biakzuala, Lal Muansanga and Zeeshan A. Mirza. 2022. A New Cryptic Species of Green Pit Viper of the Genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Serpentes, Viperidae) from northeast India. PLoS ONE. 17(5): e0268402. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268402
- ^ Laura Rodrigues Vieira de Alencar, Marcio Martins, Gustavo Burin and Tiago Bosisio Quental. 2017. Arboreality Constrains Morphological Evolution but Not Species Diversification in Vipers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284(1869) DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1775
- ^ Gernot Vogel, Patrick David and Irvan Sidik. 2014. On Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822), with the Designation of A Neotype and the Description of A New Species of Pitviper from Sumatra (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8(2) [General Issue]: 1–29 (e80).
- ^ Gernot Vogel, Tan Van Nguyen, Patrick David. 2023. A New Green Pitviper of the Trimeresurus albolabris complex (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae) from central and southern Myanmar. Zootaxa. 5357(4); 515-554. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5357.4.3
- ^ 郭鵬. 广义竹叶青蛇属的分类及系统发育研究(蛇亚目:蝮亚科)[D]. 四川大學. 2005 [2021-10-24]. doi:10.7666/d.y775610. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-26）.
- ^ Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2004, 32: 83–100.
- ^ P David，G Vogel，A Dubois. On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacepede, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa. 2011, 2992: 1–51 [2021-10-24]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-24）.