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草稿:大海蛇

A sea serpent.
―From Magnus, Olaus. History of the Northern Peoples. 1555. 

A sea serpent is a type of sea monster described in various mythologies,[1] most notably Mesopotamian (Tiamat), Judaeo-Christian (Leviathan), Greek (Cetus, Echidna, Hydra, Scylla), and Norse (Jörmungandr).

A sea serpent is a type of sea monster described in various mythologies,[2] most notably Mesopotamian (Tiamat), Judaeo-Christian (Leviathan), Greek (Cetus, Echidna, Hydra, Scylla), and Norse (Jörmungandr).

Mythology

地中海与西亚

与原初混沌奋战（Chaoskampf）的主题在整个古近东地区和印欧语族的神话中都很常见，内容常是某位主神扮演英雄击杀大海蛇，大海蛇便是混沌的化身，例如罗妲（英语：Lotan）和哈达德、利维坦和雅威、提亚马特和马尔杜克、依卢扬卡（英语：Illuyanka）和塔珲札（英语：Tarḫunz）、犽牧（英语：Yam (god)）和巴力。希伯来圣经中亦记载，上帝也创造了听命于雅威的巨型海洋生物，如创世纪 1:21 的坦狞（英语：Tannin (monster)）和阿摩司书 9:3 的大蟒蛇。伊尼亚斯记中，劳孔和儿子争论是否要把特洛伊木马带入城中时，一对海蛇杀死他们。埃里亚努斯在其著作《论动物本质》（On the Nature of Animals）中提到，有一种巨型海洋蜈蚣，尾部形似𫚉鱼，且透过身体两侧无数对的足移动[3]，纪尧姆·宏德莱（英语：Guillaume Rondelet）在其著作《鱼类全史》（L'histoire entière des poissons）中亦提及一种幻想生物，形似蜈蚣，但属于鲸豚类[4]。

Germanic Scandinavia

In Nordic mythology, Jörmungandr (or Midgarðsormr) was a sea serpent or worm so long that it encircled the entire world, Midgard.[5] Sea serpents also appear frequently in later Scandinavian folklore, particularly in that of Norway, such as an account that in 1028 AD, Saint Olaf killed a sea serpent in Valldal in Norway, throwing its body onto the mountain Syltefjellet. Marks on the mountain are associated with the legend.[6][7]

Natural history

An apparent eye-witness account is given by Aristotle in his work Historia Animalium on natural history. Strabo makes reference to an eyewitness account of a dead sea creature sighted by Poseidonius on the coast of the northern Levant. He reports the following: "As for the plains, the first, beginning at the sea, is called Macras, or Macra-Plain. Here, as reported by Poseidonius, was seen the fallen dragon, the corpse of which was about a plethrum [30米或100英尺] in length, and so bulky that horsemen standing by it on either side could not see one another, and its jaws were large enough to admit a man on horseback, and each flake of its horny scales exceeded an oblong shield in length."[8] The creature was seen sometime between 130 and 51 BC.

Norway, 16th century

Swedish ecclesiastic and writer Olaus Magnus included illustrations of sea serpents and other various marine monsters on his illustrated map, the Carta marina. In his 1555 work History of the Northern Peoples, Olaus gives the following description of a Norwegian sea serpent:

Norwegian Bishop Erik Pontoppidan (1698–1764) did not disbelieve the existence of sea serpents themselves, but doubted they would prey on ships and feed on humans,[11] being more cautious-minded in that respect than Archbishop Olaus (of Upsala). Nevertheless, a number of reports were made by sailors at the time that sea serpents would destroy ships by wrapping the ship in coils of their body and pulling it underwater. Sailors threatened by a sea serpent were said to have thrown large objects such as paddles or shovels overboard in the path of the serpent, hoping that the serpent would take the object and leave without destroying the ship.[12]

Greenland in 1734

Hans Egede's expedition, 1734
 
Sea serpent reported by Hans Egede, Bishop of Greenland, in 1734.
―After a sketch by Bing. Reproduced in Lee (1883).[13]
 
"The Great Sea Serpent (according to Hans Egede)".
―Engraving c. 1843, signed by artist James Hope Stewart.[14]

Rev. Hans Egede,[a] a Dano-Norwegian clergyman who was an early explorer and surveyor of Greenland, gave an 18th-century description of a sea serpent witnessed by his party. In his journal he wrote:[15][16]

On the 6th of July, 1734, there appeared a very large and frightful sea monster, which raised itself so high out of the water that its head reached above our main-top (top of the mainmast). It had a long, sharp snout, and spouted water like a whale; and very broad flappers. The body seemed to be covered with scales, and the skin was uneven and wrinkled, and the lower part was formed like a snake. After some time the creature plunged backwards into the water, and then turned its tail up above the surface, a whole ship-length from the head. The following evening we had very bad weather" ―translated in Henry Lee (1883).[16]

 
A giant squid as true identity of Hans Egede's sea-serpent of 1734.

Egede also wrote on the same sea-monster sighting in his book, noting that the beast was spotted at the 64th degree of latitude, and was as thick[17] or "bulky as the Ship, and three or four times as long".[18][19] Egede himself did not supply a sketch in this otherwise well-illustrated book, but the missionary named Bing who was his comrade drew a sketch, which is reproduced in Henry Lee's work.[13]

Bing further described this creature as having reddish eyes, almost burning with fire. This convinced Bishop Pontoppidan that this was different from the type of sea serpent seen by others. From Bing's drawing, Pontoppidan estimated the creature to be considerably shorter than the length of a cable rope, or 100 fathoms (200米（220 yd）) attested by multiple witnesses, and the pair of fins which were attached "below the waist (丹麦语：liv)" in Pontoppidan's view, was another unusual feature.[20]

Lee proposed a rational explanation that this sea-serpent was a misapprehended sighting of what was actually the exposed head and one tentacle of a great squid (Cf. figure above left).[21]

New York exhibition in 1845

In 1845, a 35米（115英尺） long skeleton claimed as belonging to an extinct sea serpent was put on a show in the New York City by Albert C. Koch. The claim was debunked by Prof. Jeffries Wyman, an anatomist who went to see the skeleton for himself. Wyman declared that the skull of the animal had to be mammalian in origin, and that the skeleton was composed of bones of several different animals, including an extinct species of whale.[22]

Portuguese waters, 1848

 
"Supposed Appearance of the Great Sea-Serpent, From H.M.S. Plumper, Sketched by an Officer on Board", Illustrated London News, 14 April 1849

On 6 August 1848 Captain McQuhae of “Daedalus”号1826 (6) and several of his officers and crew (en route to St Helena) saw a sea serpent which was subsequently reported (and debated) in The Times. The vessel sighted what they named as an enormous serpent between the Cape of Good Hope and St Helena. The serpent was witnessed to have been swimming with 1.2米（4英尺） of its head above the water and they believed that there was another 18米（60英尺） of the creature in the sea. Captain McQuahoe also said that "[The creature] passed rapidly, but so close under our lee quarter, that had it been a man of my acquaintance I should have easily have recognized his features with the naked eye." According to seven members of the crew, it remained in view for around twenty minutes. Another officer wrote that the creature was more of a lizard than a serpent. Evolutionary biologist Gary J. Galbreath contends that what the crew of Daedalus saw was a sei whale.[23]

A report was published in the Illustrated London News on 14 April 1849 of a sighting of a sea serpent off the Portuguese coast by “Plumper”号1848 (6).

On the morning of the 31st December, 1848, in lat. 41° 13'N., and long. 12° 31'W., being nearly due west of Oporto, I saw a long black creature with a sharp head, moving slowly, I should think about two节 [3.7千米每小时；2.3英里每小时] ... its back was about twenty英尺 [6米] if not more above water; and its head, as near as I could judge, from six至eight [1.8至2.4 m] ...There was something on its back that appeared like a mane, and, as it moved through the water, kept washing about; but before I could examine it more closely, it was too far astern

——"A Naval Officer"[24]
"A giant snake appeared at once from the water - and the largest cetacean a boa constrictor way wrapped twice. (I note such a physeter It can grow to 20-30 meters long!) It lasted for about 15 minutes the deadly struggle, the sea was just foaming and crashing waves around us, finally the back of the whale stood out Out of the water, he sank head first into the deep where the snake must have killed him. A cold shiver ran through us a cet at the sight of his final struggle; so writhing poor in the monster's double ring, like a little bird between the claws of a falcon. View of the two rings, the snake. It could have been 160-170 feet long and 7-8 feet thick."[12]
  •  
    Olaus Magnus's Sea Orm, 1555
  •  
    The first American sea serpent, reported from Cape Ann, Massachusetts, in 1639
  •  
    Sea serpents, Ama Temple, Macao
  •  
    A sea serpent depicted in the coat of arms of Seljord in Norway
  •  
    Maned sea serpent from Bishop Erik Pontoppidan's 1755 work Natural History of Norway
  •  
    The Gloucester sea serpent of 1817
  •  
    A hairy sea serpent
  •  
    Albert Koch's 35-米-long（115-英尺） "Hydrarchos" fossil skeleton from 1845. It was found to be an assembled collection of bones from at least five fossil specimens of Basilosaurus.
  •  
    "Supposed Appearance Of The Great Sea-Serpent, From H.M.S. Plumper, Sketched By An Officer On Board", Illustrated London News, 14 April 1849
  •  
    The sea serpent spotted by the crew of HMS Daedalus in 1848
  •  
    Another of the original illustrations of the HMS Daedalus encounter
  •  
    Oarfish that washed ashore on a Bermuda beach in 1860. The animal was 5米（16英尺） long and was originally described as a sea serpent.
  •  
    The arms of County Londonderry feature sea dragons as supporters.

In media

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ "The Apostle of Greenland"

References

  1. ^ Sea serpent | mythology. Encyclopedia Britannica. [March 31, 2020]. 
  2. ^ Sea serpent | mythology. Encyclopedia Britannica. [March 31, 2020]. 
  3. ^ Epigrams from the Greek Anthology. Oxford University Press. 26 November 2020: 207 [13 July 2023]. ISBN 978-0-19-259688-8 （英语）. 
  4. ^ Pilleri, Georg. Investigations on Cetacea. Hirnanatomisches Institut der Universität. 1969: 19 [13 July 2023] （英语）. 
  5. ^ Simek, Rudolf. Dictionary of northern mythology. Cambridge [England]: D.S. Brewer. 1993: 179. ISBN 0859915131. 
  6. ^ Ormen i Syltefjellet. （原始内容存档于July 24, 2011）. 
  7. ^ Galleri NOR. Nb.no. July 11, 1934 [July 10, 2014]. 
  8. ^ Strabo. Geography. . Book 16, chapter 2, paragraph 17. 
  9. ^ Norse Mythology – Jormungandr. Oracle Thinkquest. [August 21, 2013]. （原始内容存档于August 21, 2013）. 
  10. ^ Stewart, Gail Barbara. Water Monsters. San Diego, California: ReferencePoint Press. 2011: 13. ISBN 978-1-60152-345-7. 
  11. ^ Oudemans1892，第134页.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Ráth-Végh István: A tengeri kígyó, Móra Ferenc Ifjúsági Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980, ISBN 963-11-2161-5
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Lee (1883)，第66页.
  14. ^ The Great Sea Serpent (according to Hans Egede). Antique Print & Map Room. 2023 [2023-02-28]. 
  15. ^ Ramsvig (1902)，第271页.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Lee (1883)，第65页.
  17. ^ Ramsvig (1902)，第271–272页.
  18. ^ Egede, Hans. Kap. VI. Hvad Slags Diur, Fiske og Fugle den Grønlandske Søe giver af sig etc. / § Andre Søe-Diur. Det gamle Grønlands nye perlustration,... Copenhagen: Groth. 1741: 47–48 （丹麦语）.  已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助) digital copy@National Library Norway. modern typeset reprint, pp. 65–66 (1926) A.W. Brøggers boktrykkeris forlag.
  19. ^ Egede, Hans. Ch. 6. Of the Greenland Sea Animals, and Sea Fowl and Fishes / § Of other Sea Animals. A description of Greenland : Shewing the natural history, situation, boundaries and face of the country, the nature of the soil;... London: Printed for C. Hitch in Pater-noster Row; S. Austen in Newgate-Street; and J. Jackson near St. James's Gate. 1745: 85–89.  digital copy@National Library Norway.
  20. ^ Ramsvig (1902)，第272页.
  21. ^ Lee (1883)，第67页.
  22. ^ Stein, Gordon. Encyclopedia of hoaxes. Internet Archive. Detroit : Gale Research. 1993: 261. ISBN 978-0-8103-8414-9. 
  23. ^ The Daedalus Sea Serpent Solved. Skeptical Inquirer. September–October 2015 [June 21, 2020].  参数|magazine=与模板{{cite news}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite magazine}}或|newspaper=） (帮助)
  24. ^ Supposed Appearance of the Great Sea Serpent From HMS Plumper Sketched by an Officer On Board . Illustrated London News. April 14, 1849. 
Bibliography
(Further reading)
 
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