锯脂鲤科
脂鲤目的一科鱼类
锯脂鲤科(学名:Serrasalmidae)是脂鲤目下的一个科,食人鱼即该科几个属的统称。
锯脂鲤科 化石时期:中新世至现今
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辛古水虎(Serrasalmus manueli) | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopteri |
目: | 脂鲤目 Characiformes |
亚目: | 脂鲤亚目 Characoidei |
总科: | 虎脂鲤总科 Erythrinoidea |
科: | 锯脂鲤科 Serrasalmidae Bleeker, 1859 |
属 | |
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特征
锯脂鲤科是中等至大型的脂鲤目,最长可达1米长,身体很深及两侧偏平,中腹部有一连串的甲板,背鳍很长。大部份物种背鳍前有一条由神经上骨伸出的尖刺,巨脂鲤属、肥脂鲤属及四齿脂鲤属除外。[1]
分布
锯脂鲤科栖息在南美洲所有主要及一些次要的大西洋河流,但也有被引入到其他地区[2]。它们分布在北纬10°至南纬35°。[1]
生态
锯脂鲤科主要吃种子、果实、叶子、多种无脊椎动物及脊椎动物,如鱼肉、鳞片及鳍。大部份非食人鲳主要都是草食性的,而食人鲳则是完全肉食性的。[1]大部份物种会随年龄及食物供应而改变食性。[1]
化石纪录
锯脂鲤科的化石纪录相对较稀疏。大部份已知的化石都是源自中新世,只有少部份非确定的是来自古新世或早至白垩纪末期。[1]现存巨脂鲤属的化石是来自中新世。[2]
分类
现时锯脂鲤科被分类在脂鲤目下的科,但是也有一些旧文献将其分类成脂鲤科下的亚科。
尖锯脂鲤属(Acnodon)
巨脂鲤属(Colossoma)
- 大盖巨脂鲤 Colossoma macropomum
银板鱼属(Metynnis)
磨脂鲤属(Mylesinus)
锯腹脂鲤属(Myleus)
臼牙脂鲤属 (Myloplus)
四齿脂鲤属(Mylossoma)
- 刺腹四齿脂鲤 Mylossoma acanthogaster
- Mylossoma albiscopum [3]
- 金四齿脂鲤 Mylossoma aureum
- 硬腹四齿脂鲤 Mylossoma duriventre
骨脂鲤属(Ossubtus)
- 骨脂鲤 Ossubtus xinguense Jégu, 1992
肥脂鲤属(Piaractus)
也称淡水白鲳属。
托梅脂鲤属(Tometes)
- Tometes ancylorhynchus Andrade, Jégu & Giarrizzo, 2016[4]
- Tometes camunani Andrade, Giarrizzo & Jégu, 2013
- Tometes kranponhah Andrade, Jégu & Giarrizzo, 2016[4]
- 莱氏托梅脂鲤 Tometes lebaili Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu, 2002
- 尼格罗河托梅脂鲤 Tometes makue Jégu, Santos & Belmont-Jégu, 2002
- Tometes siderocarajensis Andrade, Machado, Jégu, Farias & Giarrizzo, 2017 [5]
- 三叶托梅脂鲤 Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850
犹他脂鲤属(Utiaritichthys)
- 长背犹他脂鲤 Utiaritichthys longidorsalis Jégu, Tito de Morais & Santos, 1992
- 塞氏犹他脂鲤 Utiaritichthys sennaebragai Miranda Ribeiro, 1937
食人鱼 Piranha
下锯脂鲤属(Catoprion)
- Catoprion absconditus Bonani Mateussi, Melo & Oliveira, 2020[6]
- 下锯脂鲤 Catoprion mento (Cuvier, 1819)
锯啮脂鲤属(Pristobrycon)
- 金色锯啮脂鲤 Pristobrycon aureus
- 亚马逊河锯啮脂鲤 Pristobrycon calmoni
- 端棘锯啮脂鲤 Pristobrycon careospinus
- 斑鳍锯啮脂鲤 Pristobrycon maculipinnis
- 条纹锯啮脂鲤 Pristobrycon striolatus
臀点脂鲤属(Pygocentrus)
- 凯里臀点脂鲤 Pygocentrus cariba
- 纳氏臀点脂鲤 Pygocentrus nattereri
- 委内瑞拉臀点脂鲤 Pygocentrus palometa
- 迷人臀点脂鲤 Pygocentrus piraya
尻锯脂鲤属(Pygopristis)
- 尻锯脂鲤 Pygopristis denticulata (Cuvier, 1819)
锯脂鲤属(Serrasalmus)
†硕锯脂鲤属(Megapiranha)
参考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Freeman, Barbie; Nico, Leo G.; Osentoski, Matthew; Jelks, Howard L.; Collins, Timothy M. Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1484: 2 [2009-06-25]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-09-02).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Nelson, Joseph S. Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2006. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
- ^ Nadayca T. B. Mateussi, Claudio Oliveira and Carla S. Pavanelli. 2018. Taxonomic Revision of the Cis-Andean Species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa. 4387(2); 275–309. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
- ^ 4.0 4.1 M. C. Andrade, M. Jégu and T. Giarrizzo. 2016. Tometes kranponhah and Tometes ancylorhynchus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), Two New Phytophagous Serrasalmids, and the First Tometes species described from the Brazilian Shield. Journal of Fish Biology. 89; 467–494. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12868
- ^ Marcelo C. Andrade, Valéria N. Machado, Michel Jégu, Izeni P. Farias and Tommaso Giarrizzo. 2017. A New Species of Tometes Valenciennes 1850 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin Based on Integrative Analysis of Molecular and Morphological Data. PLoS ONE. 12(4): e0170053. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170053
- ^ Nadayca T. Bonani Mateussi, Bruno F. Melo and Claudio Oliveira. 2020. Molecular Delimitation and Taxonomic Revision of the Wimple Piranha Catoprion (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with the Description of A New Species. Journal of Fish Biology. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14417