在量子资讯科学 中，量子位元 （英语：quantum bit ），又称Q位元 （qubit [ 1] 计量单位 。传统电脑 使用的是0和1，量子电脑 虽然也是使用0跟1，但不同的是，量子电脑 的0与1可以同时计算。在古典系统中，一个位元在同一时间，只有0或1，只存在一种状态，但量子位元可以同时是1和0，两种状态同时存在，这种效果叫量子叠加 。这是量子电脑计算目前独有的特性。
4个量子位元的IBM实验晶片，但最后并无实用价值。
若设定
|
0
⟩
{\displaystyle |0\rangle }
|
1
⟩
{\displaystyle |1\rangle }
直角坐标系 的z方向，则有诸多表示法。可采上述向量 形式如狄拉克标记 的右括向量，亦可将之表为行矩阵；另外有密度矩阵 形式，可表为右括向量乘以左括向量，或表为方块矩阵 ，可见如下：
向量：
z
+
=
|
0
⟩
=
(
1
0
)
,
z
−
=
|
1
⟩
=
(
0
1
)
{\displaystyle z_{+}=|0\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad z_{-}=|1\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}
密度矩阵：
z
+
=
|
0
⟩
⟨
0
|
=
(
1
0
)
∗
(
1
0
)
=
(
1
0
0
0
)
,
{\displaystyle z_{+}=|0\rangle \langle 0|={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}*{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{pmatrix}},}
z
−
=
|
1
⟩
⟨
1
|
=
(
0
1
)
∗
(
0
1
)
=
(
0
0
0
1
)
{\displaystyle z_{-}=|1\rangle \langle 1|={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}*{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}}
向量：
x
+
=
|
x
+
⟩
=
(
1
2
1
2
)
,
x
−
=
|
x
−
⟩
=
(
1
2
−
1
2
)
{\displaystyle x_{+}=|x_{+}\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}},\quad x_{-}=|x_{-}\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}}
密度矩阵：
x
+
=
|
x
+
⟩
⟨
x
+
|
=
(
1
2
1
2
)
∗
(
1
2
1
2
)
=
(
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
)
,
{\displaystyle x_{+}=|x_{+}\rangle \langle x_{+}|={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}*{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}&{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\\{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\end{pmatrix}},}
x
−
=
|
x
−
⟩
⟨
x
−
|
=
(
1
2
−
1
2
)
∗
(
1
2
−
1
2
)
=
(
1
2
−
1
2
−
1
2
1
2
)
{\displaystyle x_{-}=|x_{-}\rangle \langle x_{-}|={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}*{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}&-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}\\-{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\end{pmatrix}}}
向量：
y
+
=
|
y
+
⟩
=
(
1
2
i
2
)
,
y
−
=
|
y
−
⟩
=
(
1
2
−
i
2
)
{\displaystyle y_{+}=|y_{+}\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}},\quad y_{-}=|y_{-}\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\-{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}}
密度矩阵：
y
+
=
|
y
+
⟩
⟨
y
+
|
=
(
1
2
i
2
)
∗
(
1
2
−
i
2
)
=
(
1
2
−
i
2
i
2
1
2
)
,
{\displaystyle y_{+}=|y_{+}\rangle \langle y_{+}|={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}*{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}&-{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {i}{2}}\\{\frac {i}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\end{pmatrix}},}
y
−
=
|
y
−
⟩
⟨
y
−
|
=
(
1
2
−
i
2
)
∗
(
1
2
i
2
)
=
(
1
2
i
2
−
i
2
1
2
)
{\displaystyle y_{-}=|y_{-}\rangle \langle y_{-}|={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\\-{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}*{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}&{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {i}{2}}\\-{\frac {i}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\end{pmatrix}}}
^ MA Nielsen, IL Chuang. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).
Michael A. Nielsen, Isaac L. Chuang: Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 0-521-63503-9 .
Oliver Morsch: Quantum bits and quantum secrets - how quantum physics is revolutionizing codes and computers. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-40710-1 .
Anthony J. Leggett: Quantum computing and quantum bits in mesoscopic systems. Kluwer Academic, New York 2004, ISBN 0-306-47904-4 .
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