拥车证

拥车证（英语：Certificate of Entitlement, COE），是新加坡政府透过车辆牌照配额许可证的发行，授予成功中标的持有人进行登记，拥有与使用新加坡道路，为期10年的合法权利。需求高时，COE的成本可能超过汽车本身的价值^[1]。

起源

起源于新加坡于1990年为了治理城市交通拥堵采取的一种措施。新加坡约有80万辆汽车，其中约50万辆为小汽车。

系统

在购买新的车辆之前，在新加坡，潜在的车主都必需要向陆路交通管理局（LTA）先申办拥车证(Certificate of Entitlement)。

车辆配额系统 (VQS)

公式

{\begin{aligned}({\text{Total COE Quota}})_{qy}=&g.({\text{Motor vehicle population}})_{y-1}\\&+({\text{Projected de-registrations}})_{y}\\&+({\text{Unallocated quota}})_{qy-1}\end{aligned}}

合法性

拍卖流程

2013年对于拥车证标准的重新定义

在2013年9月, 拥车证系统重新定义了A类车辆的标准. 这一变化发生后,A类车辆的引擎功率不得超过97千瓦. 这大约相当于130马力。这是对A类汽车发动机容量不超过1600立方厘米的先前标准的补充。但是, 尽管发动机容量低于1600立方厘米，但从2014年2月开始，发动机输出功率超过97kW的汽车将被归类为拥车证招标中的B类。审查拥车证类别的标准是因为陆路交通管理局希望区分和规范A类标准下的代步车和高档汽车的购买，以将拥车证价格控制在越来越接近100,000新加坡元的水平。^[2]

牌照分类

最初，牌照准证(COEs)分成八大类，但该系统现已被简化为仅仅五个类别。A组、B组、与D组是不可转让的。出租车在2012年以前被归为A类，但之后不再受到管制。^[3]

Prior to May 1999

Category	Vehicle Class
Cat 1	Cars 1000cc & below
Cat 2	Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis
Cat 3	Cars 1601-2000cc
Cat 4	Cars above 2000cc
Cat 5	Goods Vehicles & Buses
Cat 6	Motorcycles
Cat 7	"Open" (for any kind of vehicle)

Current Categories

Category	Vehicle Class
Cat A	Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW)
Cat B	Cars 1600cc & above, or the engine power output exceeds 97kW
Cat C	Goods Vehicles & Buses
Cat D	Motorcycles
Cat E	"Open" (for any kind of vehicle)

历史纪录

配额溢价

March 2009 2nd Open Bidding

Category	Current Quota Premium	Previous Quota Premium	▲/▼	Difference
A (1600cc and below), taxi	S$5,116	S$4,890	▲	S$226
B (1601cc and above)	S$5,001	S$5,101	▼	S$100
C (Goods Vehicle and Bus)	S$5,600	S$5,300	▲	S$300
D (Motorcycles)	S$912	S$958	▼	S$46
E (Open)	S$5,982	S$5,700	▲	S$282

April 2010 1st Open Bidding

Category	Current Quota Premium	Previous Quota Premium	▲/▼	Difference
A (1600cc and below), taxi	S$34,001	S$28,389	▲	S$5,612
B (1601cc and above)	S$45,501	S$36,089	▲	S$9,412
E (Open)	S$49,000	S$42,001	▲	S$6,999

December 2011 1st Open Bidding^[4]

Category	Current Quota Premium	Previous Quota Premium	▲/▼	Difference
A (1600cc and below), taxi	S$50,001	S$52,357	▼	S$2,356
B (1601cc and above)	S$70,003	S$72,317	▼	S$2,314
E (Open)	S$71,000	S$74,345	▼	S$3,345

2013 results: [1]

车辆的增长速度

Period	%	Remark
May 1990 to May 2009	3.0	3.0% + deregistrations as per last annum
Jun 2009 to Jun 2010	1.5	Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE
Jul 2010 to Jul 2012	1.5	1.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July
Aug 2012 to Jan 2013	1.0	Taxi are moved to Cat E
Feb 2013 to Jan 2014	0.5	Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015
Feb 2014 to Jan 2015	0.5	Change to recent quarterly deregistrations
Feb 2015 onwards	0.25	Reduced to 0.25%

从2010年4月起，对COE配额计算进行了修改。在新方法下，陆路运输管理局（LTA）将最近六个月的实际车辆注销登记中的拥车证配额回收回系统中。数字将每六个月修订一次，而不是年度配额。例如，截至一月，有80万辆汽车。根据1.5％的允许增长率，将每六个月出售另外6000个拥车证指标。加上同期注销的车辆数量（例如20,000），这意味着7月至12月的拥车证配额为26,000。

2011年10月上旬，新加坡运输部长吕德耀（Lui Tuck Yew）表示，新加坡的年度汽车增长峰值将从2012年起进一步下降。年度汽车人口增长率将从目前的1.5％降低到2012年的1.0％，然后在2013年和2014年降低到0.5％，然后在2015年降低到0.25％。

较低的车辆增长率将与未来道路的增长速度更加紧密地吻合。然而，2012年5月，吕德耀（Lui Tuck Yew）话锋一转，并表示可能增加拥车证指标，配额削减汽车增长的计划将被推迟。

COE范围

Previous Category	Highest		Lowest¹		Current Category	Highest		Lowest		Remarks
May 1990 – Apr 1999	SGD	Period	SGD	Period	From May 1999	SGD	Period	SGD	Period	Remarks
Cat 1 (1000 cc & below)	41,008	Jul 1997	210	Feb 1991	Cat A³	92,100	Jan 2013	2	Nov 2008^a	a. Major historical plunge partly due to 2008 financial crisis and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to 1997 Asian financial crisis
Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi	62,208	Jul 1997	909	Mar 1991	Cat A³	92,100	Jan 2013	2	Nov 2008^a
Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc)	83,500	Dec 1994	50	Jan 1998^b	Cat B	96,210	Jan 2013	200	Jan 2009^a
Cat 4 (2001 cc & above)	110,500	Dec 1994	800	Apr 1991	Cat B	96,210	Jan 2013	200	Jan 2009^a
Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus)	39,000	Dec 1994	1	Apr 1991	Cat C	63,035	Dec 2012	1	Dec 2006– Mar 2007^c	c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006
Cat 6 (Motorcycle)	3,506	Aug 1997	1	Jan 1994, Feb 1994^d	Cat D	2,704	Jan 2014	1	Nov 2002– Mar 2003^d	d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders
Cat 7 (Open)	95,986	Dec 1994	998	Mar 1991	Cat E	97,889	Jan 2013	3,200	Jan 2009	–
Cat 8 (Weekend Car)²	45,300	Sep 1994	1,110	Oct 1991	OPC					COE rebate up to $17,000
1. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 2. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate 3. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012

车辆平均定价

买车的时候详细的成本结构可以在这个网站上找到。[2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
All prices are in Singapore dollars dated March 2012

Compact : S$71,999 – S$89,500
Mid-size : S$81,999 – S$149,000
Full-size sedan : > S$150,000

在流行文化

参考

^ Grant, Jeremy. Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city. FT.com. 4 March 2014 [7 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-05）.
^ COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars. [2014-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-19）.
^ Taxis out of COE bidding process from August. Channel News Asia. 27 July 2012 [27 February 2013]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-29）.
^ Royston Sim. Certificate of Entitlement premiums fall for all categories. Straits Times: Motoring, A Singapore Press Holdings Website. 21 December 2011 [2014-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-06）.

外部链接

Land Transport Authority （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Informatic web on motoring in Singapore （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
COE Prices （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Interactive COE Prices TODAYOnline （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] Grant, Jeremy. Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city. FT.com. 4 March 2014 [7 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-05）.

[2] COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars. [2014-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-19）.

[3] Taxis out of COE bidding process from August. Channel News Asia. 27 July 2012 [27 February 2013]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-29）.

[4] Royston Sim. Certificate of Entitlement premiums fall for all categories. Straits Times: Motoring, A Singapore Press Holdings Website. 21 December 2011 [2014-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-06）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]