基本英语
基本英语（英语：Basic English）是一种人工语言，它基于英语的一种简化版本而产生，由查尔斯·凯·奥格登创造。在他于1930年所出版的《基本英语——规则和语法的一般约定》一书中有详细的介绍。
| 基本英语 | |
|---|---|
| Basic English | |
| 创造者 | 查尔斯·凯·奥格登 |
| 创造日期 | 1925 |
| 设定和用法 | controlled natural language |
| 分类 （目标） | 人造语言
|
| 文字 | 拉丁字母 (英文字母) Unified English Braille |
| 分类 （来源） | 现代英语 |
| 管理机构 | 无 |
| 语言代码 | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| IETF | en-basiceng |
| 英语 |
|---|
奥格登说：“学习英语要7年，学习世界语要7个月，而学习基本英语只要7星期。”其认为，商业公司因此会将艰涩难懂但需要全球使用的文书写成基本英语；而语言学校也会为了让学生短期内学会简单的英语，而教授基本英语。
奥格登不使用重复意义的单词，而且需要所有国家都适用这些单词。他利用大规模的测试和调整来得到这些词汇。在语法方面，他也做了简化，但是保留了英语通常的用法。
在第二次世界大战后，这种简化开始蕴含“推进世界和平”的理念。但是由于缺乏规划，发展出了不同地方使用的简化版本。今天还存在的基本英语有850个单词作为初学英语者的单词词汇广传世界，特别是在亚洲最流行。[1]
语法规则
奥格登基本英语的语法规则是为了让人们只用850个单词就可以解决一般交流：
历史
1944年，温斯顿·丘吉尔在哈佛大学的一个演讲里，起初支持用基本英语作为世界语言，但是由于一个故事他放弃了，就是那句“blood, toil, tears and sweat”（鲜血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水）写成基本英语就是“blood, hard work, eyewash and body water”（血液、努力、泪液和体液）[2]。乔治·奥威尔的作品《一九八四》中可能有对基本英语的模仿。书后对“新话”的注解可以认为暗含着对构造语言的批评，而且那在这本书的著作期间（1948年）呼声很高。
奥威尔的新话实际上更像是专为机器或网络设计的语言，不知晓网络的人士看不懂的。与之相比，奥格登的基本英语任何一个懂英语的人都能读懂，但它只能用作第二语言。
单词表
基本英语有850个核心词汇。
动作 - 100 个单词
come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, seem, take, be, do, have, say, see, send, may, will, about, across, after, against, among, at, before, between, by, down, from, in, off, on, over, through, to, under, up, with, as, for, of, till, than, a, the, all, any, every, no, other, some, such, that, this, I, he, you, who, and, because, but, or, if, though, while, how, when, where, why, again, ever, far, forward, here, near, now, out, still, then, there, together, well, almost, enough, even, little, much, not, only, quite, so, very, tomorrow, yesterday, north, south, east, west, please, yes.
事物 - 400 个常用单词
account, act, addition, adjustment, advertisement, agreement, air, amount, amusement, animal, answer, apparatus, approval, argument, art, attack, attempt, attention, attraction, authority, back, balance, base, behaviour, belief, birth, bit, bite, blood, blow, body, brass, bread, breath, brother, building, burn, burst, business, butter, canvas, care, cause, chalk, chance, change, cloth, coal, colour, comfort, committee, company, comparison, competition, condition, connection, control, cook, copper, copy, cork, cotton, cough, country, cover, crack, credit, crime, crush, cry, current, curve, damage, danger, daughter, day, death, debt, decision, degree, design, desire, destruction, detail, development, digestion, direction, discovery, discussion, disease, disgust, distance, distribution, division, doubt, drink, driving, dust, earth, edge, education, effect, end, error, event, example, exchange, existence, expansion, experience, expert, fact, fall, family, father, fear, feeling, fiction, field, fight, fire, flame, flight, flower, fold, food, force, form, friend, front, fruit, glass, gold, government, grain, grass, grip, group, growth, guide, harbour, harmony, hate, hearing, heat, help, history, hole, hope, hour, humour, ice, idea, impulse, increase, industry, ink, insect, instrument, insurance, interest, invention, iron, jelly, join, journey, judge, jump, kick, kiss, knowledge, land, language, laugh, law, lead, learning, leather, letter, level, lift, light, limit, linen, liquid, list, look, loss, love, machine, man, manager, mark, market, mass, meal, measure, meat, meeting, memory, metal, middle, milk, mind, mine, minute, mist, money, month, morning, mother, motion, mountain, move, music, name, nation, need, news, night, noise, note, number, observation, offer, oil, operation, opinion, order, organization, ornament, owner, page, pain, paint, paper, part, paste, payment, peace, person, place, plant, play, pleasure, point, poison, polish, porter, position, powder, power, price, print, process, produce, profit, property, prose, protest, pull, punishment, purpose, push, quality, question, rain, range, rate, ray, reaction, reading, reason, record, regret, relation, religion, representative, request, respect, rest, reward, rhythm, rice, river, road, roll, room, rub, rule, run, salt, sand, scale, science, sea, seat, secretary, selection, self, sense, servant, sex, shade, shake, shame, shock, side, sign, silk, silver, sister, size, sky, sleep, slip, slope, smash, smell, smile, smoke, sneeze, snow, soap, society, son, song, sort, sound, soup, space, stage, start, statement, steam, steel, step, stitch, stone, stop, story, stretch, structure, substance, sugar, suggestion, summer, support, surprise, swim, system, talk, taste, tax, teaching, tendency, test, theory, thing, thought, thunder, time, tin, top, touch, trade, transport, trick, trouble, turn, twist, unit, use, value, verse, vessel, view, voice, walk, war, wash, waste, water, wave, wax, way, weather, week, weight, wind, wine, winter, woman, wood, wool, word, work, wound, writing, year.
事物 - 200个可用图表示的单词
angle, ant, apple, arch, arm, army, baby, bag, ball, band, basin, basket, bath, bed, bee, bell, berry, bird, blade, board, boat, bone, book, boot, bottle, box, boy, brain, brake, branch, brick, bridge, brush, bucket, bulb, button, cake, camera, card, cart, carriage, cat, chain, cheese, chest, chin, church, circle, clock, cloud, coat, collar, comb, cord, cow, cup, curtain, cushion, dog, door, drain, drawer, dress, drop, ear, egg, engine, eye, face, farm, feather, finger, fish, flag, floor, fly, foot, fork, fowl, frame, garden, girl, glove, goat, gun, hair, hammer, hand, hat, head, heart, hook, horn, horse, hospital, house, island, jewel, kettle, key, knee, knife, knot, leaf, leg, library, line, lip, lock, map, match, monkey, moon, mouth, muscle, nail, neck, needle, nerve, net, nose, nut, office, orange, oven, parcel, pen, pencil, picture, pig, pin, pipe, plane, plate, plough, pocket, pot, potato, prison, pump, rail, rat, receipt, ring, rod, roof, root, sail, school, scissors, screw, seed, sheep, shelf, ship, shirt, shoe, skin, skirt, snake, sock, spade, sponge, spoon, spring, square, stamp, star, station, stem, stick, stocking, stomach, store, street, sun, table, tail, thread, throat, thumb, ticket, toe, tongue, tooth, town, train, tray, tree, trousers, umbrella, wall, watch, wheel, whip, whistle, window, wing, wire, worm.
状态 - 100个常用单词
able, acid, angry, automatic, beautiful, black, boiling, bright, broken, brown, cheap, chemical, chief, clean, clear, common, complex, conscious, cut, deep, dependent, early, elastic, electric, equal, fat, fertile, first, fixed, flat, free, frequent, full, general, good, great, grey, hanging, happy, hard, healthy, high, hollow, important, kind, like, living, long, male, married, material, medical, military, natural, necessary, new, normal, open, parallel, past, physical, political, poor, possible, present, private, probable, quick, quiet, ready, red, regular, responsible, right, round, same, second, separate, serious, sharp, smooth, sticky, stiff, straight, strong, sudden, sweet, tall, thick, tight, tired, true, violent, waiting, warm, wet, wide, wise, yellow, young.
状态 - 50 个有反义词的单词
awake, bad, bent, bitter, blue, certain, cold, complete, cruel, dark, dead, dear, delicate, different, dirty, dry, false, feeble, female, foolish, future, green, ill, last, late, left, loose, loud, low, mixed, narrow, old, opposite, public, rough, sad, safe, secret, short, shut, simple, slow, small, soft, solid, special, strange, thin, white, wrong.
参见
参考文献
外部链接
- World English Organization（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Basic-English Institute（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Dedicated to the expansion of Ogden's Basic English.
- 查尔斯·凯·奥格登. Basic English: 一般规则介绍. [2005-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2005-03-09）.
- 查尔斯·凯·奥格登. 基本英语及文法革新. 剑桥：The Orthological Institute. 1937 [2005-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-05）.
- Wiktionary:Basic_English_template (uses Basic English word list as a basis for studying equivalent basic words in other languages)
- 美国之音特殊英语版本 - 为英语学习者而设的新闻电台