低镁血症

低血镁症(英语:Magnesium deficiency)是一种电解质紊乱,体内含量低。可能导致多种症状。[1]症状包括震颤、协调性差、肌肉痉挛、食欲不振、性格改变和眼球震颤[2][3]并发症可能包括癫痫发作心脏骤停,例如尖端扭转型室性心动过速[2]镁含量低的人通常钾含量低。[2]

低血镁症
又称低镁血症、镁缺乏症
症状震颤、协调性差、眼球震颤癫痫发作
并发症癫痫发作、心脏骤停尖端扭转型室性心动过速)、低钾
病因酗酒饥饿腹泻、尿量增加、肠道吸收不良、药物
诊断方法方法 血浓度<0.6 mmol/L(1.46 mg/dL)
治疗镁盐
患病率较常见(住院患者)
分类和外部资源
医学专科内分泌学
ICD-115C64.41
ICD-10E83.4
DiseasesDB6469
MedlinePlus000315
eMedicine2038394
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

原因包括饮食摄入量低、酗酒、腹泻、尿量增加、肠道吸收不良和糖尿病。[2][4][5]许多药物也可能导致低镁,包括质子泵抑制剂 (PPI) 和来适泄[3]

症状

镁缺乏会导致疲倦、全身无力、肌肉痉挛心律异常神经系统易激惹、震颤感觉异常心悸血液中钾含量低甲状旁腺功能减退(可能导致血液中钙含量低)、软骨钙质沉积病痉挛手足搐搦偏头痛[6]癫痫发作[7]基底神经节钙化[8]极端和长时间情况下会昏迷智力残疾或死亡。[9]镁在碳水化合物代谢中起着重要作用,缺乏镁可能会加重胰岛素抵抗,这可能会进一步转变为糖尿病,镁缺乏也可能是胰岛素抵抗的结果。[10]

重症监护病房(ICU)接受治疗的镁含量低的人有更大机会需要机械通气,死亡的风险也更高。[11]

病因

镁缺乏可能是由胃肠道或肾脏原因引起的。胃肠道原因包括镁的膳食摄入量低、胃肠道吸收减少或由于食物过快通过胃肠道,导致胃肠道损失增加。肾脏原因涉及镁的排泄增加。镁的膳食摄入不足已成为一个越来越重要的因素——许多人食用已去除富含镁的植物纤维的精制食品,如白面包和精米。[12]

镁缺乏症在住院患者中并不少见。高达12%的入院患者和高达60-65%的重症监护病房患者患有低镁血症。[13]

大约57%的美国人镁摄入量不符合美国参考膳食摄入量[14]肾脏在维持身体镁含量水平方面非常有效;但如果饮食中涉入不足,或使用某些药物,如利尿剂或质子泵抑制剂,[15]或慢性酒精中毒,[16]镁水平可能会下降。

血液中镁含量低可能是由于饮食中镁含量不足、肠道没有吸收足够的镁或肾脏排泄过多的镁。不足可能是由于以下情况:

药物

遗传学

代谢异常

病理生理学

镁是体内300多种功能的辅助因子,负责调节多种生化反应。[21]镁对蛋白质合成、肌肉和神经功能、骨骼发育、能量产生、维持正常心律以及调节葡萄糖血压等具有重要作用。[16]低镁摄入量会增加患疾病的风险,包括高血压心脏病2型糖尿病骨质疏松症偏头痛[16]

镁对钠(Na)、钾(K)和钙(Ca)通道有直接影响。镁有多种作用:

通道外流受到镁的抑制。故此,低镁血症导致肾脏中钾的排泄增加,进而导致低钾血症。这种情况被认为是继发于肾元ROMK通道受到正常生理镁抑制的的程度降低所致。[26]

低镁血症通常是低钾血症患者对补钾无反应的原因。临床医生应确保镁和钾在缺乏时得到补充。照料糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者时,应监测其镁水平,以确保由胰岛素给药在细胞内驱动的血清钾丢失不会因额外的尿丢失而加剧。[27]

肌质网的释放受到镁的抑制。低镁血症导致细胞内钙水平升高。这抑制了甲状旁腺激素的释放,从而导致甲状旁腺功能减退和低钙血症。此外,低镁血症使骨骼和肌肉受体对甲状旁腺激素的敏感性降低。[13]

心律失常

心肌细胞中Na+/K+-ATP酶泵的正常运作需要镁。缺乏镁会抑制钾的再摄取,导致细胞内钾减少。心肌细胞内钾的减少导致心动过速[28]

先兆子痫

镁对血小板和内皮功能有间接的抗血栓作用。[29]镁通过其类似于钙离子通道阻滞剂的功能增加前列腺素、减少血栓素并减少血管紧张素II、微血管渗漏和血管痉挛。[30]

参考文献

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