User:HallonZhu/上议院议长 (英国)
| 英国上议院议长 | |
|---|---|
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| 上议院 | |
| 尊称 | 议长（Lord Speaker） （在议会中，非正式） 阁下（The Right Honourable） （在英国和英联邦内） |
| 地位 | 议长 |
| 提名者 | 各政党 |
| 任命者 | 上议院 由君主任命并宣誓就职 |
| 任期 | 5年，连选得连任一次且最多连任一次 |
| 设立 | 2006年7月4日 |
| 首任 | 海曼女男爵 |
| 网站 | www |
| 英国政治 |
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上议院议长（Lord Speaker）是英国国会上议院的议长。该职务与下议院议长相似，都由议员选举产生且需要脱离其党派，以中立身份主持会议，但上议院议长的权力比下议院议长小。
2006年6月以前，上议院会议的主持人由大法官兼任。2005年宪改法案通过后，上议院得以自行选出议长。至第一任议长选出后，大法官不再主持上议院的会议。
历史
2003年，上议院议长事务专责委员会建议另设一个由议员选举产生的议长来代替大法官主持会议的职务，而在此之前，会议主持人已被决定废除。在委员会的建议下，副议长的人数也从25人减至12人。[2]
在设立该职务之前，上议院议员们就新议长是否应该有比大法官在上议院中更多的权力和义务进行辩论。虽然原先的辩论结果为不通过，但在由阿拉斯泰爾·古德拉德领导的一个领导小组（Leader's Group）提出允许上议院议长在质询或部长声明时间就政党发言先后顺序的争议向上议院提建议后，相关问题又再度被讨论。后来，议长事务委员会提议，认为新议长可以在问答环节（Question Time）拥有更多权力，但这不为领导小组所建议，而领导小组的报告也未被批准。
职能
上议院议长的主要职能有：主持在上议院会议厅举行的会议、对上议院就议事规则提建议、对上议院的财产安全负责、在正式场合中代表上议院等。[3]
上议院作为一个整体而高度自治，大部分事情均由上议院作为一个整体而决定。相较于下议院议长，上议院议长一般很少主动参与到辩论当中，也因此上议院议长的权力比下议院议长小。与此同时，上议院议长并不会维持议会的秩序，不会在多个成员同时起立发言时决定谁先发言，不会就秩序问题进行裁决，不会惩罚违反上议院规则的议员，也不会将修正案促成法案，这些权力都由整个上议院一起行使。而且，下议院议员总是对着议长发言，以“Mr Speaker”作为发言的开头；但是上议院议员对着整个上议院发言，以“My Lords”作为发言的发端词。实际上，上议院议长在下议院里的任务只有提请表决、宣布投票结果、向议会宣布一些事情（如某位议员的讣闻）。此外，上议院议长还可以在紧急状况发生时结束议会的休会状态（即召回议会）。
上议院议长几乎继承了先前大法官在议会中的所有职责。然而，大法官仍然在国会开幕大典上向女王递交演讲辞，以此来代表政府。当议员们就职位的设立而辩论时，特别对议长是否应当有更多的权力和义务进行了辩论[2]，并最终否定了这个议题。
The debate was renewed with proposals put forward by a Leader's Group (an ad hoc committee) led by Alastair Goodlad. The proposals include allowing the Lord Speaker, during Question Time and ministerial statements, to take on the role of advising the House which party should speak next when there is a dispute. The Leader of the House of Lords, a Government minister, currently handles this task. The decision of who should speak would ultimately remain with the House. A similar proposal was made by the committee that initially discussed the new office.[2] A further option would allow the Speaker even more power during Question Time, but it was not recommended by the Leader's Group. The Group's report has yet to be approved.[4]
和下议院议长一样，上议院议长需要脱离党派并保持中立。
选举
上议院议长每届任期为五年，最高可以连任一次。议长选举使用的投票制度为排序复选制。在2011年5月3日的修正案中，选举必须在议长本届任期的最后一年的7月15日举行，议长的下一届任期自该年9月1日起。在海曼女男爵当选为首任上议院议长时，议会书记官宣布了投票结果，随后宫务大臣宣布了女王对结果的认可。至此，上议院议长正式取代了大法官，成为上议院的会议主持人。[5]
Perquisites and ceremony
By Royal Warrant on 4 July 2006,[6] the Queen declared that the Lord Speaker would have rank and precedence immediately after the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Lord Speaker earns a salary of £104,360, less than the Speaker of the House of Commons, though the Speaker of the House of Commons’ salary includes £81,932 paid for being an MP . The Lord Speaker, like the Speaker of the House of Commons, is entitled to a grace and favour apartment in the Parliamentary Estate.
Like the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Speaker wears court dress with a plain black silk gown while presiding over the House and a black silk damask and gold lace ceremonial gown on state occasions. To date holders of the office have chosen not to wear a wig, as the Lord Chancellor previously did, though they do have the option. When presiding over debates, the Lord Speaker sits on the Woolsack.
Before each day's sitting of the House of Lords, the Lord Speaker forms part of a procession that marches from the Lord Speaker's residence to the Lords Chamber. The Lord Speaker is preceded by the Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms or Principal Doorkeeper of the House (who bears the Mace). The procession is joined by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in the Prince's Chamber. Together, they move through the Not-content Lobby, entering the Chamber below the bar, and finish by walking up the Temporal (opposition) side toward the Woolsack. The Mace is placed on the Woolsack, where the Lord Speaker sits after a bishop has led the House in prayers.
When the Sovereign appoints Lords Commissioners to perform certain actions on his or her behalf (for example, to open or prorogue Parliament, or formally declare Royal Assent), the Lord Speaker is one of them. The other Lords Commissioners, by convention, are the Leader of the House (who has acted as the principal Commissioner since the Lord Chancellor's functions were transferred to the Lord Speaker), the leaders of the other two major parties in the Lords, and the Convenor of the Crossbenches.
New peers, upon being introduced in the House of Lords, shake hands with the Lord Speaker after taking the oath (or making affirmation).
上议院议长列表
本表列出了自2006年起的上议院议长
关于上议院议长职务正式设立之前的会议主持人，请见历任大法官及国玺大臣列表。
| 肖像 | 姓名 | 任期 选举时间 |
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参考来源 | |
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非常尊敬的 海曼女男爵 PC (1949 - ) |
2006年7月4日 | 2011年8月31日 | 工党 | [7] |
| 2006 | |||||
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非常尊敬的 迪苏莎女男爵 CMG PC (1944 - ) |
2011年9月1日 | 2016年8月31日 | 中立议员 | [8] |
| 2011 | |||||
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非常尊敬的 福勒男爵 Kt PC (1938 - ) |
2016年9月1日 | 现任 | 保守党 | [9] |
| 2016 | |||||
注释
参考资料
- ^ Lord Fowler elected as new Lord Speaker. UK Parliament. 13 June 2016.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Select Committee on the Speakership of the House - First Report, HL 199, 18 November 2003.
- ^ The Lord Speaker. www.parliament.co.uk. （原始内容存档于2008-06-09）.
- ^ Report of the Leader's Group on Working Practices. parliament.uk. 26 April 2011 [3 July 2011].
- ^ House of Lords Minutes of Proceedings for Tuesday 4 July 2006.
- ^ 第58050號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 21 July 2006.
- ^ Hayman chosen to be Lords speaker. BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 July 2006 [26 August 2008].
- ^ Baroness D'Souza elected new Lords Speaker. BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 18 July 2011 [24 July 2011].
- ^ Election of the Speaker of the House of Lords: result (PDF). [13 June 2016].
外部链接
- Paying for a peers' speaker. BBC News. 2 May 2006.
- Lord Speaker's official webpage
- The role of the Speaker of the House of Lords.
Template:Lord Speaker Template:Officers of the Lords and Commons