倒下的士兵
倒下的士兵(英语:The Falling Soldier,西班牙语:Muerte de un miliciano)是一张由罗伯特·卡帕拍摄的照片,据称摄于1936年9月5日星期六,内容是西班牙内战时期的一位共和政府派伊比利亚自由意志青年联合会(FIJL)士兵之死。这名士兵后来被认为是无政府主义者费德里科·博雷利·加西亚,西班牙政府的档案馆保存了他在木里亚诺山(Cerro Muriano)阵亡的日期记录。长枪党从一开始就指出照片为摆拍[注 1]作品。自二十世纪七十年代以后,人们针对摄影地点、相片主角,以及发现同时间地点所拍摄的其他相片,以及对于本相片是否为真正的纪实影像提出了怀疑。[1]
最近的研究指出照片并非为战役现场实况拍摄(可能是摆拍而非纪实),指其并非摄于木里亚诺山战役处,而是在大约30英里外的埃斯佩霍。[2]
历史背景
西班牙内战是由弗朗哥领导,受境外法西斯势力支持的西班牙国民军,对抗左派共和政府的战争。政府征召民兵组建了西班牙共和军来应对战事。这张照片在当时发表于杂志上时,被认为是一名共和军士兵赌上性命与敌人作战,最终中弹倒地的一瞬间。 照片成为世界反法西斯的象征,没没无名的22岁摄影家安德鲁·弗里德曼(罗伯特·卡帕的原名)因此一举成名。
卡帕关于木里亚诺山的民兵的照片,最早发表于1936年9月23日出版的法国杂志《视》上 ,照片的全称是《效忠共和国民兵的死亡瞬间,木里亚诺山,1936年9月5日》(Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death, Cerro Muriano, September 5, 1936)[3]。同期发表的照片中包括两张中弹民兵的照片,在杂志同一页的下方登载了另一张在同一个地点拍摄的、显示倒下进一步动作的照片,据称为同一作者所拍摄。一天之后,同一个地区拍摄的其他照片也发表在杂志《Regards》上。在美国,《倒下的士兵》在1937年7月12日刊载于当时已有一百万份发行量的 《生活》杂志。当时《生活》仅刊登了一张照片,照片配有粗体字标题“DEATH IN SPAIN : THE CIVIL WAR HAS TAKEN 500,000 LIVES IN ONE YEAR"(死亡在西班牙:内战一年已夺去五十万条生命)。照片底下附有小号字体的文字说明"ROBERT CAPA'S CAMERA CATCHES A SPANISH SOLDIER THE INSTANT HE IS DROPPED BY A BULLET THROUGH THE HEAD"(罗伯特·卡帕的镜头捕捉到一位西班牙士兵头部中弹倒下的瞬间)。[3][注 2]。
真伪之争
自1975年以来有不少人质疑照片拍摄时的真伪[4],但仍有一些作家,如卡帕的传记作者理查德·惠蓝(Richard Whelan),始终坚信的照片的真实性[5]。不过在西班牙内战期间摄影记者们受到种种限制(例如不准记者到前线;即便到了前线也会受到限制),摄影记者常要求士兵们摆出战斗的样子以拍摄照片。[6] 虽然据称照片拍摄地点是在木里亚诺山的战场 ,但近年研究显示拍摄地点是大约50公里外,名为埃斯佩霍的小镇。[7]
2007年纪录片《冰山的阴影》(La sombra del iceberg)声称该照片系摆拍,且照片上的主角并不是博雷利[8] [9]。荷西·曼纽尔·苏斯培里圭(José Manuel Susperregui)于 2009 所出版的书籍“相片的阴影”( Sombras de la Fotografía,"Shadows of Photography"),认为相片并非在木里亚诺山拍摄。他分析了在该相片前后所拍摄的其他相片的背景,发现远处有山。他将相片以电子邮件寄给Córdoba附近的几个小镇的图书馆员与历史学家,询问是否有人认出其中地景。结果在西班牙小镇埃斯佩霍有人回应确认。但埃斯佩霍距离卡帕当时所在的战线数十英里之远,苏斯培里圭据此认为本相片与其他同系列的相片,原先被认为是在前线所摄,都是摆拍的。[10]
苏斯培里圭也提出了一般论点中的几个不合之处,例如卡帕指出主角是被一波机枪子弹--而非狙击手的子弹--射杀。卡帕对于视角与拍摄时的技术参数,也没有一致的说法。[11] 西班牙的报纸(包括巴塞罗那的 El Periódico de Catalunya)[12]派出记者到埃斯佩霍,结果拍到的相片中,天际线与背景跟卡帕的作品很相近。
国际摄影中心(International Center of Phtography)的主席威利斯·E·哈次洪(Willis E. Hartshorn)则反对本照片是摆拍的说法。他认为相片中的士兵是在准备摆拍时被远方狙击者的子弹射杀。苏斯培里圭并不认同,因为当时的战线距离太远,且在 Córdoba前线并未有使用狙击手的纪录。
对于相片中的主角身份也有存疑。虽然一般认为主角是费德里科·博雷利·加西亚,但他是在木里亚诺山战场,躲在树后寻求掩护时阵亡的。此外除了本相片实际拍摄地点不明外,费德里科·博雷利·加西亚的外表与影中人也不是很相像。[13]
墨西哥手提箱("Mexican Suitcase")里的相片
卡帕与其他两位摄影家(Gerda Taro、David Seymour)的三箱负片作品在2007年寄至纽约的国际摄影中心,称为“墨西哥手提箱("Mexican Suitcase")”[14] 其中包含了卡帕的数百张负片,在战争结束时带到墨西哥。这些相片现存于国际摄影中心的卡帕档案中。[15]
但其中并没有本片的原始负片。但在2008年巡回展示的数百张其他相片中,有与本相片同时同地拍摄的作品,分析其中的地景以后,认为不论本相片是实况或是摆拍,拍摄地点就是埃斯佩霍。[16]
从某种角度讲,这些发现也为卡帕开脱了罪责。之前有一些作家认为卡帕可能需要为该民兵的死亡负责--当民兵被狙击手枪杀时,似乎正准备为卡帕摆姿势。 [17]
理查德·惠蓝在《这就是战争!工作中的罗伯特·卡帕》(This Is War! Robert Capa at Work)一书中说道:
英文原文 | 中文翻译 |
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The image, known as Death of a Loyalist militiaman or simply The Falling Soldier, has become almost universally recognized as one of the greatest war photographs ever made. The photograph has also generated a great deal of controversy. In recent years, it has been alleged that Capa staged the scene, a charge that has forced me to undertake a fantastic amount of research over the course of two decades. (Nota 3) I have wrestled with the dilemma of how to deal with a photograph that one believes to be genuine but that one cannot know with absolute certainty to be a truthful documentation. It is neither a photograph of a man pretending to have been shot, nor an image made during what we would normally consider the heat of battle.
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这张照片,称为《效忠共和国民兵的死亡》或简称为《倒下的士兵》,几乎已成为举世公认的史上最伟大的战争照片之一。该照片也产生了很大的争议。近年来,很多研究认为这是卡帕布置场景拍摄的作品,这驱使我花费超过二十年的时间进行了大量的研究。我在相信这是一张实况照片,但又没有可信证据证实其真实性之间挣扎著。这并不是一个人假装中弹的照片,也不是我们一般认为在激烈战斗中所拍下的照片。
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现状
注释
参考文献
引用
- ^ Jamieson, Alastair. Robert Capa 'faked' war photo new evidence produced. The Telegraph (London). September 21, 2008 [2009-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-05).
Looking at the photos it is clear that it is not the heat of battle. It is likely the soldiers were carrying out an exercise either for Capa or themselves.
- ^ What Spain Sees in Robert Capa's Civil War Photo. Time magazine. July 25, 2009 [2009-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
While the new findings clearly establish where the famous shot was taken, not everyone believes they suggest it was a fraud. "The evidence certainly changes the photograph's location from Cerro Muriano to Espejo — there's no longer any question about that," says Cynthia Young, a curator at the International Center of Photography in charge of the Robert Capa and Cornell Capa Archive and one of the exhibition's organizers.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 NHK、‘沢木耕太郎 推理ドキュメント 运命の一枚〜“戦场”写真 最大の谜に挑む〜’(2013年2月3日放映)
- ^ Phillip Knightley (1975). The First Casualty: From the Crimea to Vietnam; The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker. New York: Harcourt, Brace
- ^ Richard Whelan (2002).Proving that Robert Capa's "Falling Soldier" is genuine: A detective story (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), American Masters.
- ^ Vaill, Amanda. Did Robert Capa Fake 'Falling Soldier'?. foreignpolicy.com. 22 April 2014 [22 August 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-09).
- ^ What Spain Sees in Robert Capa's Civil War Photo. Time magazine. July 25, 2009 [2009-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-17).
While the new findings clearly establish where the famous shot was taken, not everyone believes they suggest it was a fraud. "The evidence certainly changes the photograph's location from Cerro Muriano to Espejo — there's no longer any question about that," says Cynthia Young, a curator at the International Center of Photography in charge of the Robert Capa and Cornell Capa Archive and one of the exhibition's organizers, who goes on to add, "But I don't see how one goes from 'new location' to 'fake photo' — it's a lot more complicated than that. Capa never said the photo was taken at Cerra Muriano — not once, not anywhere."
- ^ Autopsia al miliciano de Robert Capa. [2013-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-22).
- ^ Autopsia al miliciano de Robert Capa. elmundo.es. [2013-10-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-22).
- ^ Susperregui, José Manuel. Sombras de la Fotografía: Los Enigmas Desvelados de Nicolasa Ugartemendia, Muerte de un Miliciano, la Aldea Española, el Lute. Universidad del Pais Vasco. 2008. ISBN 978-84-9860-230-2.
- ^ Rohter, Larry. New Doubts Raised Over Famous War Photo. New York Times. 17 August 2009 [2021-04-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-27).
- ^ The Raw Story | Iconic Capa war photo was staged: newspaper. Web.archive.org. [2013-10-20]. (原始内容存档于July 20, 2009).
- ^ Faber, Sebastiaan. Truth in the Making: The Never-Ending Saga of Capa’s Falling Soldier. The Volunteer. 17 March 2010 [2021-04-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-22).
- ^ The Mexican Suitcase: Rediscovered Spanish Civil War Negatives by Capa, Chim, and Taro. International Center of Photography. 16 May 2016 [14 September 2017]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-11).
- ^ Kennedy, Randy. The Capa Cache. The New York Times (The New York Times Company). 27 January 2008: AR1 [19 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-02).
- ^ This Is War! Robert Capa at Work : Gerda Taro : On the Subject of War. Barbican Art Gallery. City of London Corporation. 25 January 2009 [22 August 2015]. (原始内容存档于27 June 2015).
- ^ Isabel Hilton. The camera never lies. But photographers can and do. The Guardian (London). September 27, 2008 [2009-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-14).
Capa was a great photographer but he was not averse to faking. In 1937 he fabricated footage for the March of Time newsreel series. He told the Life photographer, Hansel Mieth, that the Borrell picture had been taken when the militiamen were fooling around, not in the heat of battle as had been believed. She added that Capa seemed upset and said little more except that it "haunted him badly". ... As Borrell stood to pose for Capa, he was cut down by a rebel bullet.
书籍
- 泽木耕太郎 ‘キャパの十字架’ 文艺春秋社,2012年。ISBN 9784163760704
外部链接
- Dossier on the debate compiled by Luca Pagni (Italian) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Automated English translation by Google) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- On Capa's photograph "Falling Soldier" (1936)
- Proving that Robert Capa’s “Falling Soldier” is Genuine: A Detective Story (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Two photographs of 'shot' soldiers apparently photographed on the same spot[失效链接]