柔膜菌目
锤舌菌纲真菌的一目
柔膜菌目（學名：Helotiales）是子囊菌門錘舌菌綱的一個目[1]。截至2008年，柔膜菌目下有十個科，包含約500個屬，共約4000種物種[2]。柔膜菌目物種的子實體多為盤狀或杯狀的子囊盤（apothecia），多數物種在土壤或腐木上行腐生生長。形成杜鵑花類菌根的真菌多屬於此目[3]。另外此目也包含桃褐腐病菌、核盤菌等植物病原菌。
柔膜菌目
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| Chlorociboria aeruginosa | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 真菌界 Fungi |
| 門： | 子囊菌門 Ascomycota |
| 綱： | 錘舌菌綱 Leotiomycetes |
| 目： | 柔膜菌目 Helotiales Nannf. ex Korf & Lizon (2000) |
| 科 | |
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下屬分類
本科包括以下屬：
- Amicodiscaceae
- 無形囊菌科 Amorphothecaceae
- Arachnopezizaceae
- 展盤菌科 Ascocorticiaceae
- Bloxamiaceae
- Bryoglossaceae
- Bryoclaviculus P.R.Johnst., 2013
- Bryoclaviculus campylopi L.Ludw., P.R.Johnst. & Steel, 2013[4]
- Bryoglossum Redhead
- Neocudoniella S.Imai
- Bryoclaviculus P.R.Johnst., 2013
- 膠陀螺菌科 Bulgariaceae
- Calloriaceae
- Cenangiaceae
- Chlorociboriaceae
- Brahmaculus P.R.Johnst., 2021
- Chlorociboria Seaver ex C.S.Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R.Batra
- Dothiorina F.von Höhnel, 1911
- Helvella
- Chlorospleniaceae [5]
- Chlorosplenium Fr.
- Chrysodiscaceae
- Chrysodisca Baral, Polhorský & G.Marson, 2019
- 耳盤菌科 Cordieritidaceae
- 皮盤菌科 Dematiaceae
- 暗色孢科 Dermateaceae
- Discinellaceae
- 偏盤菌科 Drepanopezizaceae
- Erysiphaceae
- 膠盤菌科 Gelatinodiscaceae
- 長孢盤菌科 Godroniaceae
- Hamatocanthoscyphaceae
- 柔膜菌科 Helotiaceae
- 貧盤菌科 Hemiphacidiaceae
- Heterosphaeriaceae
- 晶杯菌科 Hyaloscyphaceae
- Hydrocinaceae
- Hyphodiscaceae
- 粒毛盤菌科 Lachnaceae
- Leptodontidiaceae
- 長毛球殼科 Loramycetaceae
- Medeolariales
- Mitrulaceae
- Mollisiaceae
- 黏毛菌科 Myxotrichaceae
- Neocrinulaceae
- Neolauriomycetaceae
- Patellariopsidaceae
- Pezizellaceae
- Actinoscypha P.Karst.
- Allophylaria (P.Karst.) P.Karst.
- Antinoa Velen.
- Austropezia Spooner, 1987
- Bloxamiella W.P.Wu & Y.Z.Diao, 2023
- Calloriella Höhn.
- Calycellina Höhn.
- Calycina Nees ex Gray
- Carneopezizella Svrček
- Chaetochalara B.Sutton & Piroz.
- Chalara
- Cryptosympodula G.J.M.Verkley, 1999
- Cylindrocephalum Bonord.
- Cystopezizella Svrček
- Dendrotrichoscypha Svrček
- Eubelonis Höhn.
- Gemmina Raitv., 2004
- Micropeziza Fuckel
- Mollisina Höhn. ex Weese
- Mollisinopsis W.-R.Arendholz & R.Sharma, 1984
- Moserella Pöder & Scheuer
- Nagrajchalara W.P.Wu & Y.Z.Diao, 2023
- Neochalara Crous, 2021
- Parachalara W.P.Wu & Y.Z.Diao, 2023
- Parthenope Velen.
- Pezizella Fuckel
- Phaeoscypha Spooner
- Phialina Höhn.
- Poculinia B.M.Spooner, 1987
- Psilachnum Höhn.
- Rodwayella Spooner
- Rubropezicula Ekanayaka & K.D.Hyde, 2019
- Septopezizella Svrček
- Setoscypha
- Tapesina Lambotte
- Velutaria Fuckel
- Weinmannioscyphus Svrček
- Xiambola D.W.Minter & V.Holubová-Jechová, 1981
- Zymochalara Guatimosim, R.W.Barreto & Crous
- Pleuroascaceae
- Ploettnerulaceae
- Porodiplodiaceae
- 蠟盤菌科 Rutstroemiaceae
- 核盤菌科 Sclerotiniaceae
- Solenopeziaceae
- Lasiobelonium Ellis & Everh.
- Solenopezia Sacc.
- Sponheimeria
- Trichopezizella Dennis ex Raitv.
- Tricladiaceae
- Cudoniella Sacc.
- Geniculospora Sv.Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv.Nilsson
- Graddonia Dennis
- Halenospora
- Helotium Pers.
- Mycofalcella Marvanová, Om-Kalth. & J.Webster
- Spirosphaera Beverw.
- Tricladium Ingold
- Vandijckellaceae
- Vandijckella
- 水盤菌科 Vibrisseaceae
- 科的地位未定的屬：
- Acidomelania E.Walsh & N.Zhang, 2014
- Adelodiscus H.Sydow, 1931
- Algincola Velen.
- Amylocarpus Curr., 1859
- Angelina
- Anulosporium
- Aphanodesmium
- Apiculospora Wijayaw., Camporesi, A.J.L.Phillips & K.D.Hyde, 2016
- 狼尾草尖孢 Apiculospora penniseti A.Karunarathna & C.H Kuo
- Apiculospora spartii Wijayaw., W.J.Li, Camporesi, A.J.L.Phillips & K.D.Hyde
- Aquapoterium Raja & Shearer, 2008
- Ascographa Velenovský, 1934
- Ascoverticillata
- Atrocybe Velen.
- Bactrexcipula
- Bagnisimitrula S.Imai, 1942
- Benguetia H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1917
- Blastosporium Z.F.Yu & H.Zheng, 2019
- Bruneaudia O.Kuntze, 1898
- Caesiodiscus Holien & Suija, 2021
- Capricola Velen.
- Catinula Lév.
- Chloroepilichen
- Chlorospleniella P.Karst.
- Chondroderris Maire, 1937
- Chytrella
- Ciliella P.A.Saccardo & Sydow, 1902
- Coeloanguillospora
- Colipila Baral & Guy Garcia, 2012
- Comesia P.A.Saccardo, 1884
- Coniothecium Corda, 1833
- Cornuntum Velen.
- Criserosphaeria Spegazzini, 1912
- Cryptocline Petr.
- Cryptopezia F.von Höhnel, 1919
- Cystotricha Berk. & Broome
- Dactylaria Sacc., 1880
- Davincia
- Dawsicola P.Döbbeler, 1981
- Dermateopsis Nannfeldt, 1932
- Desmopatella
- Discomycella F.von Höhnel, 1912
- Echinodiscus Etayo & Diederich
- Favraea P.A.Saccardo, 1881
- Fulvoflamma
- Gloeotrochila Petr.
- Goniopila Marvanová & Descals
- Hemiglossum Patouillard, 1890
- Hemimollisia Baral
- Humicolopsis Cabral & S.Marchand, 1976
- Hymenobolus Durieu & Mont.
- Hyphoscypha Velen.
- Hypnotheca Tommerup, 1970
- Involucroscypha Raitv.
- 聚盤菌屬 Ionomidotis E.J.Durand
- Lagerbergia
- Lagerheima
- Larissia A.Raitviir, 2008
- Lasseria R.W.Dennis, 1960
- Lemalis Fr.
- Leptobelonium
- Leptodophora Koukol & Maciá-Vicente, 2022
- Libartania T.R.Nag Raj, 1979
- Livia Velen.
- Lobularia Velen.
- Malotium Velen.
- Masseea Sacc.
- Melachroia
- Melanopeziza Velen.
- Melanormia Körber, 1865
- Melittiosporium Corda, 1838
- Merodontis F.E.Clements, 1909
- Micraspsis G.D.Darker, 1963
- Microdiscus P.A.Saccardo, 1916
- Microspora Velenovský, 1934
- Mirandina G.Arnaud ex Matsush.
- Mirandina G.Arnaud, 1952
- 地杖菌屬 Mitrula
- Monochaetiellopsis B.C.Sutton & F.DiCosmo, 1977
- Muscia K.Gizhitskaya, 1929
- Mycolecidea P.A.Karsten, 1888
- Mycomelanea Velen.
- Mycopandora
- Myriodiscus Boedijn
- Neo-Naumovia S.R.Schwarzman, 1959
- Neoechinodiscus Molinari & R.Sierra
- Neozythia Petrak, 1958
- Nothomitra Maas Geest.
- Obconicum Velen.
- Obscurodiscus Raitv.
- Orbiliopsis (Sacc. & D.Sacc.) Syd. & P.Syd.
- Orbiliopsis Velenovský, 1934
- Pachycudonia
- Peltigeromyces A.Møller, 1901
- Pezolepis H.Sydow, 1925
- Pezomela H.Sydow, 1928
- Pezomela saxegothaeae Syd.
- Phaeopyxis
- Phyllopezis Petrak, 1949
- Physmatomyces Rehm, 1900
- Placopeziza F.von Höhnel, 1916
- Pleiopatella Rehm, 1908
- Pleurophragmium Costantin
- Podobelonium
- Polydiscina H.Sydow, 1930
- Potridiscus
- Pseudolachnum Velenovský, 1934
- Pseudopeltis L.Holm & K.Holm
- Pseudotapesia Velen.
- Pseudotryblidium
- Psilophana H.Sydow, 1939
- Psilothecium F.E.Clements, 1903
- Pteromyces E.Bommer, M.Rousseau & Sacc.
- Queirozia Viégas & Cardoso
- Radotinea Velenovský, 1934
- Rhexocercosporidium U.Braun, 1994
- Rhexocercosporidium bellocense (C.Massal. & Sacc.) Crous, J.Kruse & U.Braun
- Rhexocercosporidium camporesii Phutthacharoen & K.D.Hyde, 2021[6]
- Rhexocercosporidium carotae (Årsvoll) U.Braun
- Rhexocercosporidium panacis Reeleder
- Rhexocercosporidium senecionis Phutthacharoen & K.D.Hyde
- Rhizocladosporium Crous & U.Braun, 2007
- Rhodesia Grove
- Rhytidhysterion Spegazzini, 1881
- Riedera E.M.Fries, 1849
- Rimula Velenovský, 1934
- Robincola Velen.
- Roburnia Velen.
- Sambucina Velen.
- Sarcomyces Massee, 1891
- Scelobelonium
- Schnablia Saccardo & P.Sydow, 1899
- Scutulopsis Velenovský, 1934
- Sinocalloriopsis
- Sinofavus W.Y. Zhuang, 2008
- Sinofavus allantosporus W.Y.Zhuang & T.Bau, 2008
- Solanella J.Vañha, 1910
- Sorokina Sacc.
- Sorokinella J.Fröhlich & K.D.Hyde, 2000
- Stegopeziza
- Stilbopeziza Spegazzini, 1908
- Tanglella F.von Höhnel, 1918
- Thedgonia B.Sutton
- Themisia Velen.
- Tiarosporella Höhn., 1919
- Tovariella H.Sydow, 1930
- Trichohelotium Killerm.
- 三枝孢屬 Triposporium
- Urceola Quélet, 1886
- Vestigium Piroz. & Shoemaker, 1972
- Volucrispora Haskins
- Waltonia Saho, 1970
- Woodiella P.A.Saccardo & P.Sydow, 1899
- Zugazaea R.P.Korf, T.Iturriaga & P.Lizon, 1998
參考資料
- ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. Outline of Ascomycota – 2007. Myconet (Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany). December 2007, 13: 1–58. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-18）.
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi 10th. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 2008: 310. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ John F. Walker, Laura Aldrich-Wolfe, Amanda Riffel, Holly Barbare, Nicholas B. Simpson, Justin Trowbridge and Ari Jumpponen. Diverse Helotiales associated with the roots of three species of Arctic Ericaceae provide no evidence for host specificity 191. New Phytologist: 515–527. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03703.x.
- ^ Johnston P. R.,Steel J. B.,Park D.Ludwig L. R.．A bryophilous member of the Leotiomycetes from New Zealand, Bryoclaviculus campylopi gen. et sp nov.[J]．New Zealand Journal of Botany,2013,51(4):321-327
- ^ Ekanayaka, A. H.; Hyde, K. D.; Gentekaki, E.; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Zhao, Q.; Bulgakov, T. S.; Camporesi, E. (2019). Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere. 10(1): 310-489.
- ^ Phutthacharoen,Kunthida,Chethana,K. W. Thilini,Phookamsak,Rungtiwa,et al. Rhexocercosporidium camporesii sp. nov. (Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales) from Italy[J]. PHYTOTAXA,2021,482(1):14-24.